Four quadrats were taken at GPS-located sampling points before swathing. Crop and weeds were cut at 15-17 cm height (header cutting height). Crop and grass weeds were separated to measure weight and weed seed head length and calculate potential weed seed capture. Surface soil was also collected, and barley grass weed seeds were cleaned from the soil sample and weighed to calculate the weed seed which had dropped before swathing. To assess weed seed capture in chaff dumps after harvest, chaff was collected from paddock dumps to determine the species being collected at harvest by planting the chaff out in trays and assessing for weed germination every four weeks.