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| Researcher(s) |
Michael Dal Santo (NSW DPI) Rick Graham (NSW DPI) Stephen Morphett (NSW DPI) |
|---|---|
| Year(s) | 2016 |
| Contributor | Department of Primary Industries NSW |
| Trial location(s) |
Tamworth Agricultural Institute, NSW
|
| Further information | View external link |
This experiment reports the effect of three sowing dates on the timing of anthesis, grain yield and grain quality parameters for a range of commercially available and advanced bread wheat and durum varieties.
The combination of phenology and sowing date (SD) determines the probable timing of environmental stresses (frost and heat stress) at key developmental stages, such as anthesis and during the critical post-flowering grain-fill period. The optimum flowering window is considered an agronomic compromise between avoiding excessive yield loss due to frost and ensuring that flowering occurs early enough to enable a long grain-fill period, before heat and moisture stress restrict yield potential.
Variety response to SD experiments help to determine how new varieties compare in maturity and yield with existing varieties across the sowing window at a regional level. This provides data to better inform growers about varietal response to SD options and therefore to better match variety with SD. Overtime, these experiments provide greater confidence in varietal
performance estimates and flowering behaviour.
| Lead research organisation |
Department of Primary Industries NSW |
|---|---|
| Host research organisation |
Department of Primary Industries NSW |
| Trial funding source | GRDC DAN00167 |
| Trial funding source | DPI NSW DAN00167 |
| Related program |
Variety Specific Agronomy Packages for southern, central and northern NSW |
| Acknowledgments |
This experiment is part of the project Variety specific agronomy packages (VSAP; DAN 00167), with joint investment by NSW DPI and GRDC. Technical assistance provided by Jan Hosking, Peter Formann, Rod Bambach, Jim Perfrement, Tyson Peterswald and Natalie Aquilina (all NSW DPI) is also gratefully acknowledged. |
| Other trial partners | Not specified |
| Crop type | Cereal (Grain): Wheat |
|---|---|
| Treatment type(s) |
|
| Trial type | Experimental |
| Trial design | Randomised,Replicated,Blocked |
| Sow rate or Target density | Plant populations (PP): Targeting 100 plants/m2 |
|---|---|
| Sowing machinery |
Direct drilled using twin disc openers on 33 cm row spacing. |
| Sow date | SD1: 27 April 2016; SD2: 17 May (Effective 27 May); SD3: 17 June; SD4: 29 July |
| Harvest date | 30 November 2016 HD1 and HD2: 30 November 2016; HD3: 14 December; HD4: 18 December |
| Plot size | Not specified |
| Plot replication | 3 |
| Psuedoreplication | Not specified |
| Plot blocking | A fully factorial, three replicated, split plot design, with four sowing dates. |
| Fertiliser |
60 kg/ha Granulock Z extra and 195 kg urea (90 kg N/ha) side banded at planting. |
| Other trial notes |
Seasonal overview Although growing season rainfall (May to October) was 550 mm (90 percentile range), with record monthly rainfall totals for June and September recorded, early sowing conditions were less than ideal. Total rainfall received, March to April inclusive, was 28 mm, with only 4.8 mm received in April. As a consequence SD1 on the 27 April was dry sown and received a post sowing irrigation of ~15 mm, using a low pressure dripper system to encourage establishment. In contrast, SD2 was dry sown on the 17 May but did not receive a post sowing irrigation, which meant that its effective sowing date was the 27 May, the date when in-crop rain was Phenological response to sowing date: The warm autumn temperatures resulted in many spring wheat entries, particularly temperature-responsive cultivars, reaching anthesis faster (days from effective SD to anthesis) in SD1 compared with SD2. Conversely, the cooler spring temperatures appeared to extend the days to flowering for many of these varieties with delayed sowing (SD2). The phenological differences between the durum varieties evaluated were comparatively small compared with the bread wheat entries. Of the durum lines evaluated (SD1), the advanced breeder’s line 190873 was approximately 9–11 days faster to reach anthesis compared with the other cultivars evaluated (113 days vs. 122–124 days). This difference in developmental maturity was largely maintained for SD2 (117 days vs. 125–127 days), with all durum varieties flowering within two days of each other at the delayed SD4 on 29 July (89 vs. 99 days). In contrast to the durum wheats, there were much greater differences in the phenological responses to SD in the bread wheats. This was particularly pronounced when comparing the fast maturing spring variety LRPB DartA with the newly-released APH classified winter wheat LRPB KittyhawkA. When sown on the April 27 (SD1), LRPB DartA reached anthesis on 18 August, compared with 26 September for LRPB KittyhawkA, a difference of 39 days. This highlights the differences in phenology of the bread wheat varieties now available to growers, that is, a fast spring wheat, with minimal response to vernalisation (e.g. LRPB DartA) compared with a winter wheat that has a defined vernalisation requirement (e.g. LRPB KittyhawkA). Apart from winter types, northern NSW growers also have available to them APH-classified slow spring types such as SunmaxA. When looking at response to sowing date from a 27 April planting (SD1), SunmaxA reached anthesis in ~145 days (29 September) compared with ~123 days (September 7) for both EGA GregoryA and LRPB LancerA. Interestingly, when looking at differences in days to reach anthesis with a delayed sowing (SD1 vs. SD2), LRPB LancerA took seven days longer to reach anthesis from SD2 (132 days) compared with EGA GregoryA (125 days). This highlights the accelerated maturity of LRPB LancerA due to its responsiveness to temperature compared with EGA GregoryA. Other bread wheat entries that showed accelerated development (days to reach anthesis) in response to temperature: >6 days: (SD1 vs. SD2), included SuntopA, SunmateA and LRPB DartA. SuntimeA, a longer season spring type, also appeared to respond to the warmer.autumn/winter temperatures, and although six days later to reach anthesis compared with EGA GregoryA at SD1, was nine days later to flower at SD2. Varieties that were not as responsive to temperature, that is, did not differ greatly in days to reach anthesis (SD1 vs. SD2), included LRPB ReliantA, EGA GregoryA, LRPB FlankerA and LRPB GauntletA. These results highlight the influence of seasonal conditions on wheat phenology, and underscore the importance of sowing date experiments. Grain yield
|
| @T1: (27-04-2016) | @T2: (27-05-2016) | @T3: (29-07-2016) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Variety |
Grain yield (t/ha) | Days to anthesis (.) | Yield rank (.) | Yield rank (.) | Grain yield (t/ha) | Days to anthesis (.) | Grain yield (t/ha) | Days to anthesis (.) | Yield rank (.) |
| 1 | █ Beckom | 6.6 | 114 | 4 | 7 | 6.11 | 117 | 4.55 | 96 | 9 |
| 1 | █ Beckom | 6.59 | 123 | 6 | 4 | 6.17 | 125 | 5.24 | 96 | 1 |
| 1 | █ Beckom | 5.09 | 104 | 19 | 18 | 5.31 | 110 | 4.39 | 85 | 11 |
| 2 | █ EGA Gregory | 6.73 | 123 | 2 | 8 | 6.03 | 125 | 4.8 | 96 | 4 |
| 2 | █ EGA Gregory | 5.65 | 119 | 16 | 20 | 4.99 | 122 | 3.65 | 96 | 22 |
| 2 | █ EGA Gregory | 6.4 | 142 | 8 | 16 | 5.45 | 139 | 3.6 | 106 | 23 |
| 3 | █ LRPB Dart | 5.77 | 123 | 14 | 17 | 5.4 | 132 | 4.37 | 99 | 12 |
| 3 | █ LRPB Dart | 5.94 | 118 | 11 | 9 | 5.97 | 117 | 4.88 | 91 | 3 |
| 3 | █ LRPB Dart | 5.75 | 115 | 15 | 10 | 5.95 | 118 | 3.65 | 91 | 21 |
| 4 | █ LRPB Flanker | 5.97 | 114 | 10 | 14 | 5.87 | 117 | 4.62 | 91 | 6 |
| 4 | █ LRPB Flanker | 6.6 | 123 | 5 | 3 | 6.28 | 127 | 4.92 | 96 | 2 |
| 4 | █ LRPB Flanker | 5.48 | 122 | 18 | 19 | 5.31 | 123 | 3.67 | 96 | 19 |
| 5 | █ LRPB Gauntlet | 6.17 | 147 | 9 | 13 | 5.88 | 145 | 4.59 | 99 | 7 |
| 5 | █ LRPB Gauntlet | 5.85 | 107 | 13 | 12 | 5.89 | 117 | 4.09 | 91 | 17 |
| 5 | █ LRPB Gauntlet | 6.77 | 129 | 1 | 11 | 5.92 | 134 | 4.28 | 99 | 15 |
| 6 | █ LRPB Kittyhawk | 6.69 | 115 | 3 | 2 | 6.29 | 123 | 4.65 | 91 | 5 |
| 6 | █ LRPB Kittyhawk | 5 | 106 | 20 | 15 | 5.83 | 115 | 4.29 | 89 | 14 |
| 6 | █ LRPB Kittyhawk | 4.12 | 113 | 21 | 21 | 4.87 | 117 | 3.67 | 89 | 20 |
| 7 | █ LRPB Lancer | 5.92 | 124 | 12 | 6 | 6.11 | 125 | 4.56 | 91 | 8 |
| 7 | █ LRPB Lancer | 3.55 | 123 | 22 | 23 | 4.35 | 125 | 4.2 | 91 | 16 |
| 7 | █ LRPB Lancer | 5.62 | 122 | 17 | 5 | 6.13 | 125 | 4.41 | 91 | 10 |
| 8 | █ LRPB Reliant | 3.36 | 123 | 23 | 22 | 4.45 | 127 | 4.09 | 91 | 18 |
| 8 | █ LRPB Reliant | |||||||||
| 8 | █ LRPB Reliant | |||||||||
| 9 | █ LRPB Spitfire | |||||||||
| 9 | █ LRPB Spitfire | |||||||||
| 9 | █ LRPB Spitfire | |||||||||
| 10 | █ LRPB12-0494 | |||||||||
| 10 | █ LRPB12-0494 | |||||||||
| 10 | █ LRPB12-0494 | |||||||||
| 11 | █ Mitch | |||||||||
| 11 | █ Mitch | |||||||||
| 11 | █ Mitch | |||||||||
| 12 | █ Sunguard | |||||||||
| 12 | █ Sunguard | |||||||||
| 12 | █ Sunguard | |||||||||
| 13 | █ Sunlamb | |||||||||
| 13 | █ Sunlamb | |||||||||
| 13 | █ Sunlamb | |||||||||
| 14 | █ Sunmate | |||||||||
| 14 | █ Sunmate | |||||||||
| 14 | █ Sunmate | |||||||||
| 15 | █ Suntime | |||||||||
| 15 | █ Suntime | |||||||||
| 15 | █ Suntime | |||||||||
| 16 | █ Suntop | |||||||||
| 16 | █ Suntop | |||||||||
| 16 | █ Suntop | |||||||||
| 17 | █ SUN 760B | |||||||||
| 17 | █ SUN 760B | |||||||||
| 17 | █ SUN 760B | |||||||||
| 18 | █ 190873 | |||||||||
| 18 | █ 190873 | |||||||||
| 18 | █ 190873 | |||||||||
| 19 | █ AGT D043 | |||||||||
| 19 | █ AGT D043 | |||||||||
| 19 | █ AGT D043 | |||||||||
| 20 | █ Caparoi | |||||||||
| 20 | █ Caparoi | |||||||||
| 20 | █ Caparoi | |||||||||
| 21 | █ DBA Aurora | |||||||||
| 21 | █ DBA Aurora | |||||||||
| 21 | █ DBA Aurora | |||||||||
| 22 | █ DBA Lillaroi | |||||||||
| 22 | █ DBA Lillaroi | |||||||||
| 22 | █ DBA Lillaroi | |||||||||
| Rainfall trial gsr (mm) | 550mm |
|---|
SILO weather estimates sourced from https://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/silo/
Jeffrey, S.J., Carter, J.O., Moodie, K.B. and Beswick, A.R. (2001). Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data , Environmental Modelling and Software, Vol 16/4, pp 309-330. DOI: 10.1016/S1364-8152(01)00008-1.
Plant Breeders’ Rights (PBR)
Some crop varieties used in research trials may be covered by Plant Breeders' Rights (PBR). Users should confirm PBR status of relevant varieties by searching the IP Australia PBR database, http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/ or Variety Central (http://varietycentral.com.au/) and contacting variety owners for further information if required. Where possible, varieties have been listed according to their registered PBR name, although OFT cannot and does not guarantee that the information is accurate or complete.
Note that PBR cover is administered through the Plant Breeders’ Right Act 1994 (