70 kg/ha Gusto Gold (Summit Fertilisers Australia) (analysis N – 10.2%, P- 13.1%, K- 12%, S- 7.6%, Cu- 0.07%, Zn- 0.14% and Mn- 0.01%) treated with 300ml ha-1 Impact (250 g/L Flutriafol, Cheminova Australia) was drilled 3cm below the seed to minimise contact with the germinating canola seed with 100kg/ha of Urea (Summit Fertilisers Australia, N – 46%) broadcast on the soil surface immediately after seeding. At the 4-6 leaf stage of the canola, 100L/ha of urea and ammonium nitrate liquid fertiliser (UAN) (Summit fertilisers Australia) (N- 32%) was evenly sprayed across the site to maintain growth. 

 Immediately prior to seeding, all experimental areas were treated with 2 L/ha Roundup Ultramax (Glyphosate 540 g/L, Sinochem Australia) to control all germinated weeds.  Each plot was sub plotted with a no additional wild radish weed control for competition assessments and a weed-free treatment to assess the effect of factorial combinations on the crop growth and light interception of canola. The weed-free treatment was maintained using 1 L/ha Kerb (500 g/L Propyzamide, Dow AgroSciences Australia) incorporated by sowing (IBS), 1.1 kg/ha Atradex (900g/kg Atrazine, Nufarm Australia Limited) IBS followed by 1.1 kg/ha of Atradex. To control annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), 500 mL/ha of Select (240g/L Clethodim, Sumitomo Chemical Australia) applied at the 4-6 leaf stage of the canola across all treatments

1 L of Cruiser Opti [210 g/L Thiamethoxam 37.5 g/L Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Syngenta Australia] applied per 100 kg of seed. 

 400 mL/100 kg Maxim XL [25 g/L Fludioxonil 10 g/L Metalaxyl-M Syngenta Australia] applied per 100 kg of seed.