| Researcher(s) |
Angela Anderson Ken Bird Yash Chauhan Neil Halpin Stephen Krosch Daniel O’Connor Bill Rehbein |
|---|---|
| Year(s) | 2021 - 2024 |
| Contributor | Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries |
| Trial location(s) |
Bundaberg, QLD
Kingaroy, QLD |
To study the impact of variety selection and sowing rate on peanut productivity and kernel quality.
Bundaberg: The annual variation in the profitability of peanut production represents a threat to the sustained production of peanuts in the Coastal environment. Attention to detail on a foliar disease management program, correct harvest date and weather events drove the variability in yield and proportion of edible grade kernels in these experiments.
Variety impact on nut-in-shell yield occurred in only the 2022/23 season where all the runner varieties out-performed the Virginia type and variety Kairi and Alloway performing well of the runner types. The plant population only affected nut-in-shell yield in the seasons when there were high levels of foliar disease. In 2021/22 yield was maximised at 240,000 plants/ha whereas yield was maximised at 180,000 plants/ha in 2023/24. In the season where foliar diseases were well managed, yield was stable across the range tested (60,000 – 240,000 plants/ha).
There was an interesting interaction between variety and plant population in 2021/22 season, where the quality of varieties Alloway and Wheeler were unaffected by population. The quality of the variety of Kairi has improved with the increasing population. The quality of Holt and P85 was maximised at populations of 180,000 and 120,000 plants/ha respectively. However, it must be remembered that not only was the site affected by foliar disease, but there was also a significant period of 24 days between digging and harvesting. In that trial, 219mm of rainfall occurred.
When foliar disease was controlled in 2022/23, quality was maximised at 120,000 plant/ha and when the disease affected the 2023/24 crop quality was maximised at 240,000 plant/ha.
Based on these trials growers in coastal environments should target a population of 180,000 plants/ha as a strategy to minimise the impact of possible disease incursions. Current commercial varieties Alloway and Holt have the most consistent reliability in quality over the three years.
Kingaroy: In 2021/22 all runner varieties out-performed the Virginia variety, and variety Alloway out-performed variety Holt in terms of nut-in-shell yield. In the other seasons variety did not have a significant effect on nut-in-shell yield. Manipulating populations in the range tested in these experiments (60,000 – 240,000 plants/ha) did not affect nut-in-shell yield in any season.
Variety Wheeler had a lower proportion of edible grade kernels than the runner type varieties. In two of the three seasons (2021/22 and 2023/24) plant population had no effect on the proportion of edible grade kernels. In the 2022/23 season, the 240,000 plant/ha treatment had a greater proportion of edible grade kernels than the 60,000 plant/ha treatment, but it was not different from the 120,000 and 180,000 plants/ha treatments.
Based on these results, irrigated growers in the inland Burnett should aim to establish 120,000 plants/ha to maximise their production of edible-grade peanut kernels.
| Lead research organisation |
Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries |
|---|---|
| Host research organisation | N/A |
| Trial funding source | GRDC DAQ2111-005RTX |
| Related program | N/A |
| Acknowledgments |
This work would not have been possible without the funding support from the Grains Research and Development Corporation and the assistance of the co-operating producers Chris Russo and Dean Cayley. The access to land at Queensland Department of Primary Industries Kingaroy Research Facility, associated harvesting and grading equipment, and Scott Campbell’s oversight are also acknowledged. These experiments would not have been possible without the investment from the Bundaberg Research Facility in the precision planter. Angela Marshall and Marcus Bulstrode's technical assistance in developing the prescription maps is worthy of acknowledgement. |
| Other trial partners | Not specified |
| Crop type | Grain Legume: Peanuts |
|---|---|
| Treatment type(s) |
|
| Trial type | Experimental |
| Trial design | Randomised,Replicated |
| Sow rate or Target density | 60,000,120,000, 180,000 and 240,000 plants/ha |
|---|---|
| Sowing machinery |
The planter used a double disc opener, and the planting furrow was closed using a twin-inclined press wheel. Planting depth was constantly maintained by a parallelogram that was electronically monitored via a ‘delta down-force’ system. |
| Sow date | 8 December 2021 |
| Harvest date | 30/05/2022 and 29/04/2022 |
| Trial design method | SPD Split Plot Design |
| Plot size | 1.83m x 20m |
| Plot replication | Not specified |
| Psuedoreplication | Not specified |
| Plot randomisation | Y |
| Herbicide |
The trials were maintained in a weed-free state using pre and post-emergent herbicides Dual Gold® (S-Metolachlor) at 2L/ha; Buttress® (2,4-DB) at 1.5L/ha; Verdict® (haloxyfop) at 150mL/ha; Blazer® (Acifluoren) 2.0L/ha and Flame (Imazapic) 400 mL/ha. |
| Fungicide |
Amistar Xtra® (200g/L Azoxystrobin and 80g/L Cyproconazole); Bravo® (720g/L Chlorothalonil); Veritas (Azoxystrobin: 120 g/L and Tebuconazole: 255 g/L; Brumby® (480g/L Prothioconazole) and Miravis Duo® (125g/L Difenoconazole and 75g/L Pydiflumetofen) were applied at registered rates on a 10 – 21 day cycle from four weeks post emergence. |
| Inoculant | Group P inoculant, delivered by water injected into the open furrow on top of the seed before twin inclined press-wheels closed the seed drill. |
| Sow rate or Target density | 60,000,120,000, 180,000 and 240,000 plants/ha |
|---|---|
| Sowing machinery |
The planter used a double disc opener, and the planting furrow was closed using a twin-inclined press wheel. Planting depth was constantly maintained by a parallelogram that was electronically monitored via a ‘delta down-force’ system. |
| Sow date | 23 December 2022 |
| Harvest date | 16/06/2023 and 31/5/2023 |
| Trial design method | SPD Split Plot Design |
| Plot size | 1.83m x 20m |
| Plot replication | Not specified |
| Psuedoreplication | Not specified |
| Plot randomisation | Y |
| Herbicide |
The trials were maintained in a weed-free state using pre and post-emergent herbicides Dual Gold® (S-Metolachlor) at 2L/ha; Buttress® (2,4-DB) at 1.5L/ha; Verdict® (haloxyfop) at 150mL/ha; Blazer® (Acifluoren) 2.0L/ha and Flame (Imazapic) 400 mL/ha. |
| Fungicide |
Amistar Xtra® (200g/L Azoxystrobin and 80g/L Cyproconazole); Bravo® (720g/L Chlorothalonil); Veritas (Azoxystrobin: 120 g/L and Tebuconazole: 255 g/L; Brumby® (480g/L Prothioconazole) and Miravis Duo® (125g/L Difenoconazole and 75g/L Pydiflumetofen) were applied at registered rates on a 10 – 21 day cycle from four weeks post emergence. |
| Inoculant | Group P inoculant, delivered by water injected into the open furrow on top of the seed before twin inclined press-wheels closed the seed drill. |
| Sow rate or Target density | 60,000,120,000, 180,000 and 240,000 plants/ha |
|---|---|
| Sowing machinery |
The planter used a double disc opener, and the planting furrow was closed using a twin-inclined press wheel. Planting depth was constantly maintained by a parallelogram that was electronically monitored via a ‘delta down-force’ system. |
| Sow date | 12 December 2023 |
| Harvest date | 28 May 2024 |
| Trial design method | SPD Split Plot Design |
| Plot size | 1.83m x 20m |
| Plot replication | Not specified |
| Psuedoreplication | Not specified |
| Plot randomisation | Y |
| Herbicide |
The trials were maintained in a weed-free state using pre and post-emergent herbicides Dual Gold® (S-Metolachlor) at 2L/ha; Buttress® (2,4-DB) at 1.5L/ha; Verdict® (haloxyfop) at 150mL/ha; Blazer® (Acifluoren) 2.0L/ha and Flame (Imazapic) 400 mL/ha. |
| Fungicide |
Amistar Xtra® (200g/L Azoxystrobin and 80g/L Cyproconazole); Bravo® (720g/L Chlorothalonil); Veritas (Azoxystrobin: 120 g/L and Tebuconazole: 255 g/L; Brumby® (480g/L Prothioconazole) and Miravis Duo® (125g/L Difenoconazole and 75g/L Pydiflumetofen) were applied at registered rates on a 10 – 21 day cycle from four weeks post emergence. |
| Inoculant | Group P inoculant, delivered by water injected into the open furrow on top of the seed before twin inclined press-wheels closed the seed drill. |
| Sow rate or Target density | 60,000,120,000, 180,000 and 240,000 plants/ha |
|---|---|
| Sowing machinery |
The planter used a double disc opener, and the planting furrow was closed using a twin-inclined press wheel. Planting depth was constantly maintained by a parallelogram that was electronically monitored via a ‘delta down-force’ system. |
| Sow date | 14 December 2021 |
| Harvest date | 10 June 2022 |
| Trial design method | SPD Split Plot Design |
| Plot size | 1.83m x 20m |
| Plot replication | Not specified |
| Psuedoreplication | Not specified |
| Plot randomisation | Y |
| Herbicide |
The trials were maintained in a weed-free state using pre and post-emergent herbicides Dual Gold® (S-Metolachlor) at 2L/ha; Buttress® (2,4-DB) at 1.5L/ha; Verdict® (haloxyfop) at 150mL/ha; Blazer® (Acifluoren) 2.0L/ha and Flame (Imazapic) 400 mL/ha. |
| Fungicide |
Amistar Xtra® (200g/L Azoxystrobin and 80g/L Cyproconazole); Bravo® (720g/L Chlorothalonil); Veritas (Azoxystrobin: 120 g/L and Tebuconazole: 255 g/L; Brumby® (480g/L Prothioconazole) and Miravis Duo® (125g/L Difenoconazole and 75g/L Pydiflumetofen) were applied at registered rates on a 10 – 21 day cycle from four weeks post emergence. |
| Inoculant | Group P inoculant, delivered by water injected into the open furrow on top of the seed before twin inclined press-wheels closed the seed drill. |
| Sow rate or Target density | 60,000,120,000, 180,000 and 240,000 plants/ha |
|---|---|
| Sowing machinery |
The planter used a double disc opener, and the planting furrow was closed using a twin-inclined press wheel. Planting depth was constantly maintained by a parallelogram that was electronically monitored via a ‘delta down-force’ system. |
| Sow date | 5 December 2022 |
| Harvest date | 02/06/2023 and 18/05/2023 |
| Trial design method | SPD Split Plot Design |
| Plot size | 1.83m x 20m |
| Plot replication | Not specified |
| Psuedoreplication | Not specified |
| Plot randomisation | Y |
| Herbicide |
The trials were maintained in a weed-free state using pre and post-emergent herbicides Dual Gold® (S-Metolachlor) at 2L/ha; Buttress® (2,4-DB) at 1.5L/ha; Verdict® (haloxyfop) at 150mL/ha; Blazer® (Acifluoren) 2.0L/ha and Flame (Imazapic) 400 mL/ha. |
| Fungicide |
Amistar Xtra® (200g/L Azoxystrobin and 80g/L Cyproconazole); Bravo® (720g/L Chlorothalonil); Veritas (Azoxystrobin: 120 g/L and Tebuconazole: 255 g/L; Brumby® (480g/L Prothioconazole) and Miravis Duo® (125g/L Difenoconazole and 75g/L Pydiflumetofen) were applied at registered rates on a 10 – 21 day cycle from four weeks post emergence. |
| Inoculant | Group P inoculant, delivered by water injected into the open furrow on top of the seed before twin inclined press-wheels closed the seed drill. |
| Sow rate or Target density | 60,000,120,000, 180,000 and 240,000 plants/ha |
|---|---|
| Sowing machinery |
The planter used a double disc opener, and the planting furrow was closed using a twin-inclined press wheel. Planting depth was constantly maintained by a parallelogram that was electronically monitored via a ‘delta down-force’ system. |
| Sow date | 6 December 2023 |
| Harvest date | 24 May 2024 |
| Trial design method | SPD Split Plot Design |
| Plot size | 1.83m x 20m |
| Plot replication | Not specified |
| Psuedoreplication | Not specified |
| Plot randomisation | N |
| Herbicide |
The trials were maintained in a weed-free state using pre and post-emergent herbicides Dual Gold® (S-Metolachlor) at 2L/ha; Buttress® (2,4-DB) at 1.5L/ha; Verdict® (haloxyfop) at 150mL/ha; Blazer® (Acifluoren) 2.0L/ha and Flame (Imazapic) 400 mL/ha. |
| Fungicide |
Amistar Xtra® (200g/L Azoxystrobin and 80g/L Cyproconazole); Bravo® (720g/L Chlorothalonil); Veritas (Azoxystrobin: 120 g/L and Tebuconazole: 255 g/L; Brumby® (480g/L Prothioconazole) and Miravis Duo® (125g/L Difenoconazole and 75g/L Pydiflumetofen) were applied at registered rates on a 10 – 21 day cycle from four weeks post emergence. |
| Inoculant | Group P inoculant, delivered by water injected into the open furrow on top of the seed before twin inclined press-wheels closed the seed drill. |
SILO weather estimates sourced from https://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/silo/
Jeffrey, S.J., Carter, J.O., Moodie, K.B. and Beswick, A.R. (2001). Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data , Environmental Modelling and Software, Vol 16/4, pp 309-330. DOI: 10.1016/S1364-8152(01)00008-1.
Plant Breeders’ Rights (PBR)
Some crop varieties used in research trials may be covered by Plant Breeders' Rights (PBR). Users should confirm PBR status of relevant varieties by searching the IP Australia PBR database, http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/ or Variety Central (http://varietycentral.com.au/) and contacting variety owners for further information if required. Where possible, varieties have been listed according to their registered PBR name, although OFT cannot and does not guarantee that the information is accurate or complete.
Note that PBR cover is administered through the Plant Breeders’ Right Act 1994 (