• The use of Group B herbicdes such as chlorsulfuron can help fight the battle against Group A resistant ryegrass. Although they have a different mode of action, Group A resistant ryegrass populations can rapidly become resistant to Group B herbicides.
• This trial showed that when different products from Group B were applied to ryegreass of the same growth stage, varying results were observed. Glean offered marginal control when applied to tillering ryegrass, while Hussar successfully controlled the same ryegrass population.

• High levels of crop safety were observed in imidazolinone tolerant lentil varieties, with no grain yield loss from any simulated residue treatments of sulfonylurea herbicides, or post-emergent applications of imidazolinone herbicides, at North Block in 2018, or Tooligie in 2019.
• High levels of crop safety were observed in the imidazolinone tolerant faba bean variety, with no grain yield loss from any simulated residue treatments of sulfonylurea herbicides, or post-emergent applications of imidazolinone herbicides, at Yeelanna in 2019.
• Access to herbicide tolerance traits will provide growers with an increased opportunity to diversify their cropping rotations and increase in-crop control options, specifically for broadleaf weed control in areas with high weed burdens.

• PBA Herald XT, together with tolerant breeding lines CIPAL1101 and CIPAL1102, show much
  improved tolerance to a range of group B herbicides compared to Nipper. The tolerant varieties
  showed no yield loss to a number of herbicides, whereas Nipper showed up to 100% yield loss (eg high rate of ‘Imi mix’).

• Response of lentils to herbicide treatments varied with seasonal conditions, method of herbicide incorporation, stubble coverage, soil texture and fertility.
• Treatments that showed high plant damage generally incurred high yield losses, however low levels of chlorosulfuron plant damage still resulted in significant yield loss in some trials

• New crop varieties have been recently released that have improved tolerance to imidazoline (imi) herbicides. 
• Group B tolerant varieties showed slight damage symptoms to herbicides registered for use. Damage to non-group B tolerant varieties was observed in many treatments.

• New crop varieties have been recently released that have improved tolerance to imidazoline (imi) herbicides.
• Group B tolerant varieties showed only slight damage symptoms to herbicides registered for use. Damage to non-group B tolerant varieties was observed in many treatments.

• New crop varieties have been recently released that have improved tolerance to imidazoline (imi) herbicides.
• Group B tolerant varieties showed no damage symptoms to herbicides registered for use. Damage to non group B tolerant varieties was observed in many treatments.

Triflur480 (trifluralin) and Stomp (pendimethalin) were compared on wheat and canola in relation to crop emergence and ryegrass control. The canola crop failed due to the dry conditions. The wheat crop was very marginal (average yield of 0.1 t/ha) and no yield differences between products could be determined. In relation to ryegrass control the higher rates of the products applied and incorporated by sowing (IBS) (Triflur480 1.2L and Stomp 1.8L) were more effective compared the lower rates of these products (0.8L and 1.8L respectively) when applied and incorporated 5 days prior to sowing.

• There are several Group G herbicide spikes on the market for use prior to broadacre crops with their specific benefits and limitations
• It important to read the herbicide label and be aware of plant back restrictions before the use of any herbicide.
• Sharpen Group G herbicide significantly increased percentage of brown out across the weed spectrum 7 DAA at Frances in 2012.
• At Frances in 2012 all Group G herbicides showed increased percentage of brown out 7 DAA on annual ryegrass but there was no significant difference between treatments 22 DAA.
• Sharpen, Hammer 400 and Valour significantly increased percentage brown out 22 DAA on clover at Frances in 2012.
• At Frances in 2012 the results indicated Glyphosate was providing majority control of lesser loosestrife.
• Sharpen Herbicide showed a significantly increase in brownout on capeweed 7 DAA at Frances in 2012.

Estimating what a paddock will yield allows growers to manage herbicide and fertiliser inputs during the season; forward sell grain and accurately insure their crops. This is an important tool for managing gross margins and ensuring profitability.

Estimating what a paddock will yield allows growers to manage herbicide and fertiliser inputs during the season; forward sell grain and accurately insure their crops. This is an important tool for managing gross margins and ensuring profitability.

Estimating what a paddock will yield allows growers to manage herbicide and fertiliser inputs during the season; forward sell grain and accurately insure their crops. This is an important tool for managing gross margins and ensuring profitability.

Estimating what a paddock will yield allows growers to manage herbicide and fertiliser inputs during the season; forward sell grain and accurately insure their crops. This is an important tool for managing gross margins and ensuring profitability.

Canola can be successfully grown on a cereal stubble. It is not essential to burn stubble as long as seedling emergence and establishment is not affected by the retained stubble. If the seeder does not leave a good seed bed and the harrows leave the paddock uneven with clumps of mixed up straw and soil it is better to burn the stubble.

The incidence of black leg was quite high and the fungicide treatments, Rovral and Impact in Furrow did not decrease the level of infection.

• Chickpeas will suffer far more from being too cold and to some degree too wet than they ever will from being too hot and too dry.
• Chickpeas don’t like high levels of boron, but will handle some.
• Chickpeas have some Pratylenchus tolerance but low resistance. Do a Predicta-B test for Pratylenchus. If levels are high, you will need to find an alternative paddock.
• Chickpeas don’t like competition from weeds. Use the herbicide Balance post sowing pre-emergent. If you don’t have broad leaf weeds under control before chickpea emergence there are few herbicide options. Grass weed control is quite easy as for normal pulses, such as Targa or Select.

• Achieving quality high protein hard wheat (11.5% protein) and Durum (13% protein) can be difficult.
• Agronomic practices can have a large influence on wheat yield and quality achieved. Soil testing for available N is essential if high yielding and high protein crops are targeted. Topdressing nitrogen fertiliser after the 5 to 6 leaf stage of the crop will further add to protein. Sowing on narrow rows (between 18 and 23 cm or 7 and 9") results in higher yields and can also reduce the level of screenings. High sowing rates (between 90 and 120kg/ha) can increase yield and reduce screenings in some situations.
• No negative effects on yield or screenings were found with high sowing rates.

Early autumn rainfall provides an opportunity to establish crops much earlier than currently practised in the southern high rainfall zone (HRZ) of WA.

• Winter wheat can be sown from late March to mid-April, depending on soil moisture conditions.

• Stirlings to Coast Farmer's research has shown that winter wheat (E.g., Illabo and DS Bennett) sown early, can grow equivalent yields to spring wheat like Trojan and Sceptre, planted at their usual time.

• Winter wheat has much less risk from frost damage when sown earlier compared to spring wheat due to their vernalisation requirements.

• Early sown winter wheat can provide valuable grazing opportunities for mixed farmers in the southern HRZ of WA, with minimal yield penalties

Many farmers who target high protein wheat find malting barley a difficult crop to grow. The quality characteristics for malting are tight (less than 11.8% protein and less than 28% screenings). Trial work has shown that to have an increased chance of growing malting barley it is important to:
• sow early (mid May to early June)
• use a sowing rate less than 90 kg/ha
• only use pre-drilled urea if the soil has less than 100 kg/ha of available N at sowing
• do not top-dress urea

2018

Soil moisture measurements were taken on the 24th of May 2013 to confirm whether there had been carryover moisture from season 2012 in the bare areas of the paddock (due to mice damage in 2012). Based on the soil moisture tests below, and with regard to the bared areas observed in the paddock, the area shaded blue was identified as the only area with a potential representation of the chemical fallow effect. So in regards to final crop yield, this is the only one that was used for continuous crop versus chemical fallow comparisons.

2019

It was observed on the 23rd of July for both the wheat and barley, continuous cropped plots, were less vigorous and weedier than the respective chemical fallowed plots. For the canola on this day the chemical fallowed plot has commenced flowering sooner than the continuous cropped canola plot. There was more purpling on the continuous cropped canola compared with the chemical fallow plots which was possibly a combination of nitrogen deficiency and herbicide damage from the chemical, Intervix. On the 23rd of July it was also observed no differences in vigour between continuous cropped chickpeas and albus lupins when compared with the respective chemical fallowed plots.

On the 31st of July it was observed that net blotch disease had infected the barley plots and needed spraying with fungicide.

On the 1st of December when the trial was harvested it was observed that the chemical fallowed albus lupins appeared to have more terminal pods when compared with the continuous cropped plot. On this day both canola plots showed symptoms of severe shedding. The continuous cropped canola plot was thinner and shorter compared the chemical fallow canola plot. For both the wheat and barley, the chemical fallowed plots were thicker than the respective continuous cropped plots.

Preparing a Nitrogen Budget is essential, but there are two key factors, estimates of yield and mineralisation, that do affect the risk of achieving DR1

Nitrogen management is the key. Understanding the mineralisation contribution to the N budget, N required per tonne of grain and accurate yield estimates has been the key to successfully growing irrigated DR1 durum wheat.

Later sowing did not affect yield and improved grain protein.

The key influences on profitability are commodity prices, cost of water and proximity to market.

DR1 quality can be achieved under irrigated conditions, but N supply must meet crop requirement to do so

Yields were not significantly different between the lines and varieties tested but there was differences in lodging resistance

• Legumes are difficult, but in a heavy cropping regime they are essential in the rotation because of fertility, disease, weeds and sustainability. Trial and observation should be used to find the pulse best suited to your soils and climate.
• Sharing experience with local farmers and agronomists is very useful in this process.

• Deep placement of organic master improved root development and increased overall yield and protein levels.
• Site needs ongoing monitoring to gauge the long term effectiveness (and profitability) of sub soil manuring.
• First commercial machine has now been developed by a farmer in Victoria.

• Potential to significantly increase yields with deep incorporation of organic matter.
• Local trial set up on KI but too early to gauge the real benefits or how long they will last for.

• Potential to significantly increase yields with deep incorporation of organic matter.
• Local trial set up on KI but too early to gauge the real benefits or how long they will last for.

• Deep placement of organic master improved root development and increased overall yield.
• Site needs ongoing monitoring to gauge the long term effectiveness (and profitability) of sub soil manuring.
• First commercial machine has now been developed by a farmer in Victoria.

• For the third year in a row and now over a variety of seasonal conditions the deep placement of organic matter has increased both crop yield and quality.

• Both barley varieties out yielded wheat by approximately 1000kg/ha in all treatments
• Barley yields responded to the highest rate of early post emergent nitrogen (75kgN/ha) with wheat yields plateauing at the 50kgN/ha rate
• Ryegrass biomass was two to three times higher in wheat than barley, and this may have significantly reduced wheat yield

Winter wheat (Rosella) sown in mid-March yielded 2.1t/ha, comparable to spring wheat sown in May (2.5t/ha). All varieties provided large quantities of excellent feed, and simulated grazing did not reduce grain yield. Sowing winter wheat in response to late summer and early autumn rain is a successful strategy for overcoming a drier April-May, but varieties adapted to the Wimmera and Mallee are needed

• Penetration of fungicides into large bean canopies can present a problem, particularly in higher rainfall areas, where canopies are larger and incidence of disease is higher.
• Manipulation of  bean canopies through reducing height and density would allow much easier fungicide application, efficacy and perhaps even reduce disease intensity in itself.

• There was some variability in the trial due to waterlogging in some areas, despite the use of beds, however the results give some reason to further investigate the use of growth regulators
• For further conclusions please see the attached trial report.

Growth regulators were not beneficial in barley and canola in the 2001 season in the Wimmera. A yield penalty in barley resulted from double applications of a growth regulator (applied early and late).

Negotiated and executed properly, leases (including flexible rain-based leases) and share farm arrangements have the ability to generate profit and wealth for farm businesses and landowners alike without jeopardising business survival.

• H45 had a significantly higher level of rust infection than Bowerbird at the Wirrinya trial site.
• The very dry season at Gunning Gap meant little strip rust developed.
• The fungicide treatments had no significant effect on grain yield, protein, screenings or test weight at Wirrinya and Gunning Gap. However the triazole foliar fungicides were very effective at reducing the level of rust in the trial.
• Late infections and dry finishes can result in a nil response to fungicides

• H45 had a significantly higher level of rust infection than Bowerbird at the Wirrinya trial site.
• The very dry season at Gunning Gap meant little strip rust developed.
• The fungicide treatments had no significant effect on grain yield, protein, screenings or test weight at Wirrinya and Gunning Gap. However the triazole foliar fungicides were very effective at reducing the level of rust in the trial.
• Late infections and dry finishes can result in a nil response to fungicides

The application of lime to this sandy acidic soil has had provided little benefit over the last 4 years (ie. 2000 - 2003).

• Under sowing hard seeded Serradella seems to be an economical and sustainable way of establishing pastures the year after a wheat crop, particularly if pods are produced in the farm.
• Sowing depth had no significant effect on germination or plant density, however, it is recommended not to bury too deep pods of Serradella (max 2-3cm) to avoid seedling losses.
• Weed control in the plots was very poor, this could have been a result of no use of wetter with the application of Raptor.

In dry years, many canola crops are short and thin. Windrowing is recommended where yield potential exceeds 1 tonne/ha and crops are tall and thick enough to sit on 25-30cm of stubble. With light crops, where windrows may be blown about by strong winds, other options are desiccation and harvest or direct heading, depending on seed moisture levels.

• Herbicide-resistant annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is increasingly becoming a challenge for growers across southern Australia.
• Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) — the collection and/or destruction of weed seeds at harvest — is a non-chemical control method, which can be used to reduce the seedbank of weeds such as annual ryegrass.
• A major premise of HWSC is that the targeted weed species retain a high proportion of their total seed production at crop maturity.
• Where pre-emergent or in-crop herbicides have not been applied, ryegrass weeds are shedding before wheat is harvested.

• Timeliness of harvest is critical to try and maximise the number of annual ryegrass (ARG) weed seeds captured (prior to the onset of seed shedding).
• Harvest height will aid in the capture of increased numbers of ryegrass.
• The amount of ARG captured will depend on conditions prior to harvest and the level of lodging that occurs prior to harvest.
• When weed levels get too high, several years of alternative crop sequences may be required to get numbers down to an acceptable level.
   

Weed seed data (weeds above and below the harvest height) measurements were taken immediately prior to harvest and assessments of weed populations in the soil will be taken after autumn treatments (windrow burn and large scale burn) are applied to allow for an understanding of the effects of different treatments on the weed seed bank.
Harvest data was also collected through the yield monitor. This data is being analysed so that the additional cost of the iHSD can

Leaving straw in windrow to be burnt Weed seed data (weeds above and below the harvest height) measurements were taken
immediately prior to harvest and assessments of weed populations in the soil will be taken after autumn treatments (windrow burn and large scale burn) are applied to allow for an understanding of the effects of different treatments on the weed seed bank.
Harvest data was also collected through the yield monitor. This data is being analysed so that the additional cost of the iHSD can be established to run various economic simulations on the weed seedbank through the LUSO model and to compare the cost of the treatments. There was no significant difference in the yield across treatments or the efficiency (ha/hr). This was as expected as
the groundspeed rate was kept constant between all treatments so that the other factors.

• Harvest weed seed collection showed barley grass is harder to capture using harvest weed seed collection techniques due to its habit of shedding seed early.
• Burning windrows decreased the number of weed seeds present in the soil seedbank at Minnipa in 2017.
• Harvest weed seed collection allows for the capture of ryegrass weed seed and cereal screenings, potentially increasing feed utilisation for stock when placed in chaff dumps or rows.

• Narrow windrow burning can be an effective tactic against ryegrass provided:
  • 1) weed seeds are captured and concentrated at swathing & harvest
  • 2) the burn heat and duration are enough to kill weed seeds.
• Annual ryegrass control in canola was more variable than last season with 37-86% control of the seed captured and concentration in the windrow. Higher control (86-93%) was achieved for wheat residues concentrated into narrow windrows.

Narrow windrow burning canola can be an effective tactic against ryegrass provided weed seeds can be captured and concentrated at swathing & harvest. Of the ryegrass seed captured between 93-99% was controlled by burning narrow windrow canola

• Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) — the collection and/or destruction of weed seeds at harvest — is a non-chemical control method, which can be used to reduce the seedbank of weeds, such as annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidium).

• Techniques include mechanical weed destruction, or methods involving carting or baling chaff straight after harvest. Chaff can also be concentrated behind the header in a row, which is then left to mulch (chaff lining or decking) or concentrated in a narrow windrow behind the header and burnt (narrow windrow burning).

• A major premise of HWSC is that the targeted weed species retain a high proportion of their total seed production at crop maturity.

• There was no difference between a harvest height of 30cm and 15cm in terms of the number of weed seeds returned to the soil.

• In wheat crops with high annual ryegrass plant populations, a large percentage of the ryegrass seed matures and drops in the month before wheat harvest, limiting the effectiveness of HWSC in the Riverine Plains region. In 2017, approximately 30% of total ryegrass weed seeds were removed by the harvest process.

• HWSC could be used as one tool in a larger integrated weed management strategy.

This is a continuing project.

The above data provides some food for thought regarding marketing options. The same analysis needs to be carried out with a larger data set that can be averaged over a greater number of years, in order to create a better picture of the trends. If over time these trends continue we must really start questioning our marketing decisions. The above figure may indicate that farmers are already questioning the marketing decsions they make.

• Compass (bred as WI4593) is a legitimate contender to replace Hindmarsh, but growers will need to wait until 2015 to acquire seed.
• Those still growing Gairdner are costing themselves at least 15-20% in yield.
• Fathom (feed) has a potential fit on deep sands in the Mallee, and La Trobe is an alternative to Hindmarsh in all regions, but it is yet to be Malt accredited.

The yield advantages of earlier sowing may not be achieved if volunteer plants cannot be controlled. Compass showed good adaptability at each sowing time both at Horsham and Watchupga East. Earlier sown barley plots at both sites were limited by nitrogen in 2013.

Knowing your initial soil nitrogen levels will assist in determining if there is likely to be a benefit of including nitrogen and other nutrients for humification when incorporating stubble. If initial soil nitrogen levels (0-60cms) are adequate i.e. above 70kg N/ha in the high rainfall zone, and above 50 kg N/ha in the medium rainfall zone, then the addition of nitrogen may not provide immediate responses – depending on the stubble nutrient levels.

Time spent setting the front and combine to match the crop conditions will be critical to ensure you reap as much grain as possible.

Soil health is not a static issue. Soil is the foundation of our agricultural systems. Collating existing knowledge and building a framework for visual, tactile and oral learning based on the needs of the ‘customer’, in this case farmers and advisors, is supporting more informed decisions and a greater capacity to manage soils for a healthy future.

• Healthy Soils workshops are delivering knowledge, skills, and tools to better manage soils for improved soil health
• Care must be taken with soil sampling, transport and laboratory procedures for accurate test results
• Management significantly influences soil biology through various practices such as controlling what quality and quantity of organic matter is incorporated into the soil through crop and rotation choice, the utilisation of additives such as pesticides and herbicides, and the intensity and type of tillage employed.

There were no significant differences between the yield of either treatments. However the district practice treatment had a significantly higher thousand grain weight to the biological treatmeant. 

• Heat–moisture treatment can be successfully applied to wheat flour to change its functional properties.

• Treatment time and flour moisture content significantly affected the functional properties of the treated wheat flours.

• Lower flour moisture content and shorter treatment times are more appropriate to produce heat– moisture-treated wheat flour suitable for noodle production.

• Trafficking on wet soil in 2015 resulted in substantially less Rhizoctonia in barley in 2016.
• After two years of cereal production, there is little evidence that heavy vehicle trafficking is severely depressing grain yield on a Minnipa soil.

Common heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum L.) is an opportunistic annual weed that grows in ‘disturbed’ areas (i.e. areas of bare or sparsely vegetated soil) following summer rain in regions with a Mediterranean climate (hot dry summers, cool wet winters). In its natural habitat, which includes most of the rim of the Mediterranean Sea, farming practices result in there being few disturbed areas during summer, hence common heliotrope is not such a problem. However, in the dry-land cropping belt of southern Australia, the wholesale clearing of native vegetation and the endemic broad acre agricultural practices leave vast areas of fallow, hayed-off pasture and sparse stubble over summer; all of which are ecologically speaking ‘disturbed’, and hence fantastic habitat for common heliotrope.

• Cash flow analysis shows the sensitivity of the farm business to varying seasons.
• Mixed Farming Systems are more sustainable in poorer seasons. However, they are not as able to capture the large profits in the better years (Decile>5).
• Leasing provides opportunity for business expansion when a business is in a low equity position.

• Care has to be taken with many residual herbicides to avoid potential damage to the following crop.
• On alkaline soils the residual effects of Glean and Ally used for summer fallowing will be severe on pulses and conventional and TT canola.
• Atrazine used for summer fallowing in dry seasons slows the growth of conventionalcanola and wheat.
• Diuron used as an over summer herbicide in this demonstration had a negative effect on conventionaland TT canola

• Moisture: Ironstone was found across some plots at depth which made any plot response to weed control difficult to measure so that there was more difference due to sub-soil constraints, rather than the individual treatments. Moisture readings were inconsistent and yields were therefore not taken.
• Weed control: Glyphosate is a very important base component when dealing with a mixture of summer weeds. The trial confirmed previous growers who experience and demonstrated summer grasses required high rates of glyphosate, at these high rates glyphosate provides excellent melon control. The Roundup Attack at 1.8 L/ha stand-alone gave the best control of grass and melons. All mixes containing Roundup Attack at 1.2 L/ha gave acceptable control of grasses and excellent control of melons when ester was added. With melons, the Triclopyr standalone was poor, but with Roundup Attack added had an additive effect, improving control significantly. Whilst no oil was used, perhaps the performance of the bottom three mixes may have given a better result with oil. Ally (metsulfuron) had an additive effect with the grasses but was antagonistic with the melons.

For results please see the attached trial report.

• In 2015 the drier start to the season and low soil moisture resulted in lower herbicide efficacy and less chemical damage than expected.
• In different stubble management systems the activity and resulting weed control of specific herbicides will be influenced by the solubility index (movement through the soil profile with rainfall events) of that herbicide. Soil texture and soil chemical properties can affect chemical movement and availability in the soil profile.
• Herbicide performance will vary seasonally due to soil moisture levels, rainfall pattern post application, timing of weed germination, position and number of weed seeds in the profile, etc. Understanding how the various herbicides work can reduce the likelihood of failures.
• Herbicides are only one tool for weed control – always adopt an integrated weed control package that includes non-chemical control, and where possible, consecutive seasons of total weed control.
• Consider the whole farming system when making chemical decisions as the impact may last for several seasons (eg. effects on medic germination and medic seed bank).

• Herbicides which may be influenced by high stubble loads include trifluralin, triallate, pyroxasulfone, prosulfocarb and metalochor products. If grass weeds are an issue in paddocks with high stubble loads (greater than 50% stubble cover), removal of some stubble may maximize the herbicide activity and grass weed control.
• In-crop germination patterns are later for barley grass than for other grass weeds in MAC paddocks, which is limiting early control with pre-emergence herbicides.
• If you expect most of your grass weeds to emerge straight after sowing maybe 2 L/ha trifluralin (plus an added herbicide depending on cost and risk factors such as seasonal conditions, soil type, rotation etc.) is the best value for your system.
• If you have a later germinating population, and aim to reduce the seed bank, you may be better investing in some of the more expensive herbicide mixes even though they may cost more in the first season.

Dry seeding conditions and lack of rainfall at the start of the 2017 season resulted in challenging conditions for both establishing crops and weed control.

Stubble residues reduced plant establishment and weed numbers; standing stubble in dry conditions had higher wheat germination than chained stubble.

April dry sowing had lower wheat numbers than later sowings, which reduced grass weed competition during the season. Grass weed numbers were also higher and set more seed in the April sowing.

No pre-emergent herbicide provided total barley grass weed control and keeping the weed seed bank low through other methods is important.

Under the production regimes of upper EP, stubble management is unlikely to impact negatively on performance of pre-emergence herbicides targeting grass weed control, providing adequate water rates and best practice application techniques are used.

• No significant difference in ryegrass control was found between plots treated with any of the three pre-emergent herbicides tested.
• Though not statistically significant, the trial demonstrated a trend of increased herbicide efficacy with increasing herbicide carrier volume.

• Total seasonal biomass production from all of the annual pasture legumes was relatively poor as a result of the poor start. It begs the question, should Serradella, given its useful tolerance to the Imidazolinone group of herbicides, be sown with a fast growing Imidazolinone tolerant cereal such as Scope CL barley to improve early season feed production? If the season is good, the cereal could be grazed early and then sprayed out with a grass selective herbicide to stop it out-competing the Serradella later on. If the season is poor, the cereal could be left to provide valuable winter and spring feed.
• Residues of Imidazolinone group herbicides can affect the performance of the following year’s crops and pastures, so be aware and plan ahead. 

Rotation of herbicide groups paramount for effective brome grass control, ensure that group B herbicides are not used too often in the rotation

• Velocity®, Precept® and Affinity® are the best options for elongating amsinckia.
• There is a wider range of effective herbicides to control amsinckia when they are small and actively growing than when they are elongating.
• Trifluralin is very effective for controlling amsinckia, but weeds can still persist in the crop row where the trifluralin has not been applied.