Generally, 6-8kgN/ha applied at an earlier than milky dough growth stage is required to raise grain protein 1%. Therefore, this crop required 18-24kg to raise protein from 10.5 to 11.5%.

• The use of variable-rate technology for nitrogen (VRT-nitrogen) application had mixed gross margin results given measured wheat yields, protein levels, calculated income and nitrogen costs in the nitrogen-rate trials undertaken at Yarrawonga and Dookie during 2017.
• Based on initial results at Yarrawonga and Dookie (using 19 and 13 years of wheat and canola yield responses to growing season rainfalls, respectively), the costs of conducting variable rate applications of nitrogen would require crop yields to increase by about 1%, or applied nitrogen costs to be reduced by at least 70%, before the approach breaks even over time.
• High overhead cost structures increase the risk of negative farm income. As VRT increases overhead costs, reviewing overall cost structures before adopting the technology is advisable.

1. Differences of $204-670/year were found between systems across sites.
2. Cropping intensity is the major factor driving good/poor economic performance.
3. A system water use efficiency of $2.50 of crop income/mm of rainfall over the cropping sequence is achievable and could be used to benchmark current farming systems.

Growers view should financially compare the economic impact of both establishment systems over the whole farm, across several years. Account for the differences in grain production and also consider:
• The elite farm that has 100% of pastures successfully established with lucerne;
Versus;
• The farm using cover-cropping methods usually has only 20% of pastures with lucerne and the other 80% of the farm’s pastoral area is composed is mostly annual crop weeds because the lucerne failed to establish.

Pasture improvement in the western wheatbelt has the potential to be very profitable practice. The level of
financial success from pasture improvement is strongly correlated to a farmer’s agronomic and livestock
husbandry skills. It is advisable to take the time to develop:
• A physical plan, to improve pastures and livestock, with the assistance of your District Agronomist and
Livestock Officer;
• Gross margin budgets for sowing the pasture and the livestock enterprise, with the assistance of your
District Agronomist and Livestock Officer;
• An incisive whole farm budget, to produce an economic picture that extends over a 5 year period, with the assistance of your accountant.

• Summary of 2 seasons esperiments

• Soil extractable B was 0.4 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on September Dry matter (DM) (3.1 t/ha); Seed yield (1.1 t/ha) or N % in DM (3% N) or N in the seed (3.55%).

• B had no effect on %oil (42.8) or on oil yield .

  Notwithstanding the marginal B levels on acid sands of the SWA region, care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary 1994 experiments

• Soil extractable B was 0.3 mg/kg.

• B concentration in dry matter (DM) 20 mg/kg

• B fertiliser had no effect on September Dry matter (DM) (2.9 t/ha); Seed yield (1.2 t/ha) or N % in DM (3% N) or N in the seed (3.50%).

• B had no effect on %oil (43.1) or on oil yield (515 kg/ha) .

  Notwithstanding the marginal B levels on acid sands of the SWA region, care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary 1994 experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.7 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser decreased seedling density (71 to 48).

• B concentration in dry matter (DM) 24 mg/kg B nil; 31 mg B kg for highest B application

• B fertiliser decreased the  September Dry matter (DM) by 0.62 t/ha; decreased Seed yield by 0.32 t/ha  &  increased N % in DM (by 0.46%) and  N in the seed (0.33% increase).

• B had decreased %oil (1.2% decrease in Oil%) & decreased oil yield by 142 kg/ha .

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required for the site with 0.7 soil extractable B.

• Summary 1994 experiment

• Soil extractable B was 1..1 mg/kg.

• B concentration in dry matter (DM) 30 mg/kg B nil; 36 mg B kg for highest B application

• B fertiliser decreased the  September Dry matter (DM) by 0.35 t/ha; decreased Seed yield by .27 t/ha  &  increased N % in DM (by 0.26%) and  N in the seed (0.33% increase).

• B had decreased %oil (1.63% decrease in Oil%) & decreased oil yield by 128 kg/ha .

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required for the site

• Summary 1994 experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0..4 mg/kg.

• B decreased seedling density (53 to 38).

• B concentration in dry matter (DM) 15 mg/kg B nil; 19 mg B kg for highest B application

• B fertiliser decreased the  September Dry matter (DM) by 0.48 t/ha; decreased Seed yield by 0.32 t/ha  &  increased N % in DM (by 0.3%) and  N in the seed (0.12% increase).

• B had decreased %oil (0.59% decrease in Oil%) & decreased oil yield by 144 kg/ha .

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required for the site with 0.40 soil extractable B.

• Summary 1995 experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0..4 mg/kg.

• B decreased seedling per sq. metre (50 to 39).

• B concentration in dry matter (DM) 17 mg/kg B nil; 22 mg B kg for highest B application

• B fertiliser decreased the  September Dry matter (DM) by 0.40 t/ha; decreased Seed yield by 0.2 t/ha  &  had no effect 0n N % in DM  and  N in the seed.

• B had decreased %oil (1.4 % decrease in Oil%) & decreased oil yield by 100 kg/ha .

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required for the site with 0.40 soil extractable B.

• Summary 1996 : summary of 2  experiment 

• Soil extractable B was 0.6 & 0.7 mg/kg.

• B application decreased seedling per square metre (63 to 48).

• B concentration in dry matter (DM) 27 mg/kg B nil; 36 mg B kg for highest B application

• B fertiliser decreased the  September Dry matter (DM) by 0.21 t/ha; decreased Seed yield by 0.137 t/ha  &  had no effect 0n N % in DM  and  N in the seed.

• B had decreased %oil (0.58 % decrease in Oil%) & decreased oil yield by 70 kg/ha .

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required for the site with 0.40 soil extractable B.

• Summary 1994 experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.7 mg/kg.

• B application (Borax) decrease seedling emergence (57 to 42)

• B concentration in dry matter (DM) 22 mg/kg B nil; 27 mg B kg for highest B application

• B fertiliser decreased the  September Dry matter (DM) by 0.37 t/ha; decreased Seed yield by 0.17 t/ha  &  had no effect 0n N % in DM  and  N in the seed.

• B had decreased %oil (0.29 % decrease in Oil%) & decreased oil yield by 90 kg/ha .

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required for the site with 0.40 soil extractable B.

• Summary 1994 experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.37 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser decreased seedling density (67 to 41).

• B concentration in dry matter (DM) 28 mg/kg B nil; 36 mg B kg for highest B application

• B fertiliser decreased the  September Dry matter (DM) by 0.62 t/ha; decreased Seed yield by 0.29 t/ha  &  increased N % in DM (by 0.43%) and  N in the seed (0.11% increase).

• B had decreased %oil (0.5% decrease in Oil%) & decreased oil yield by 124 kg/ha .

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required for the site with 0.37 soil extractable B.

• Summary 1996 : summary of 2  experiment 

• Soil extractable B was 0.6 & 0.7 mg/kg.

• B concentration in dry matter (DM) 27 mg/kg B nil; 36 mg B kg for highest B application

• B fertiliser decreased the  September Dry matter (DM) by 0.7 t/ha; decreased Seed yield by 0.217 t/ha  &  had no effect 0n N % in DM  and  N in the seed.

• B had decreased %oil (0.8 % decrease in Oil%) & decreased oil yield by 100 kg/ha .

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required for the site with 0.40 soil extractable B.

• Summary of   experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.6 mg/kg.

• Plant density were not effected by B fertiliser (55-56 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 19 -23 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (3.43 t/ha); Seed yield (1.23 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.0 % N) or N in the seed (3.45 %).

• B had no effect on %oil (42.52) or on oil yield (535 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.6 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of   experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.3 mg/kg.

• Plant density were not effected by B fertiliser (55-56 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 15 -19 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (3.8 t/ha); Seed yield (1.23 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.4 % N) or N in the seed (3.65 %).

• B had no effect on %oil (42.52) or on oil yield (485 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.3 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of  experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.5 mg/kg.

• Planr density were not effected by B fertiliser (55 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 21 -25 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (3.84 t/ha); Seed yield (1.2 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.2 % N) or N in the seed (3.54%).

• B had no effect on %oil (43.8) or on oil yield (510 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.5 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of  experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.5 mg/kg.

• Planr density were not effected by B fertiliser (55 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 21 -25 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (3.84 t/ha); Seed yield (1.2 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.2 % N) or N in the seed (3.54%).

• B had no effect on %oil (43.8) or on oil yield (510 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.5 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of 2 seasons experiments

• Soil extractable B was 0.94 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (5.5 t/ha); Seed yield (1.71 t/ha) or N % in DM (3% N) or N in the seed (4%).

• B had no effect on %oil (40.8) or on oil yield (680 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of o.9 was adequate

  Notwithstanding the marginal B levels on acid sands of the SWA region, care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of 2 seasons experiments

• Soil extractable B was 0.4 mg/kg.

• Plant B concentration 20 -23 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (5.5 t/ha); Seed yield (1.71 t/ha) or N % in DM (3% N) or N in the seed (4%).

• B had no effect on %oil (40.8) or on oil yield (680 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of o.9 was adequate

  Notwithstanding the marginal B levels on acid sands of the SWA region, care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of  experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.6 mg/kg.

• Planr density were not effected by B fertiliser (53 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 21 -24  mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (3.3 t/ha); Seed yield (1.0 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.0 % N) or N in the seed (4.30%).

• B had no effect on %oil (38.8) or on oil yield (350 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.5 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of  2 experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.3 mg/kg.

• Planr density were not effected by B fertiliser (53 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 18 -21   mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (5.9 t/ha); Seed yield (2.23 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.0 % N) or N in the seed (3.60 %).

• B had no effect on %oil (42.8) or on oil yield (950 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.3 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of   experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.7 mg/kg.

• Plant density were not effected by B fertiliser (64 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 22 -27 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (5.1 t/ha); Seed yield (1.73 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.0 % N) or N in the seed (3.5 %).

• B had no effect on %oil (44.2) or on oil yield (750 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.7 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of   experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.7 mg/kg.

• Plant density were not effected by B fertiliser (71-66 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 29 -33 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (3.63 t/ha); Seed yield (1.2 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.4 % N) or N in the seed (3.55 %).

• B had no effect on %oil (42.5) or on oil yield (500 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.7 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of   experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.6 mg/kg.

• Plant density were not effected by B fertiliser (55 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 23 -27 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (3.4 t/ha); Seed yield (1.43 t/ha) or N % in DM (2.9 % N) or N in the seed (4.0 %).

• B had no effect on %oil (40.0) or on oil yield (540 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.6 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of 2 experiments

• Soil extractable B was 0.4 mg/kg.

• Plant B concentrations 20 -23 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (4.76 t/ha); Seed yield (1.23 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.2 % N) or N in the seed (4%).

• B had no effect on %oil (44.8) or on oil yield (580 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.4 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of   experiment

• Soil extractable B was 0.4 mg/kg.

• Plant density were not effected by B fertiliser (56 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 15 -18 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (5.1 t/ha); Seed yield (1.73 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.4 % N) or N in the seed (3.45 %).

• B had no effect on %oil (44.52) or on oil yield (775 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.7 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of  2 experiments

• Soil extractable B was 0.8 mg/kg.

• Plant density were not effected by B fertiliser (70-65 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 31 -36 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (3.0 t/ha); Seed yield (1.02 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.3 % N) or N in the seed (3.6 %).

• B had no effect on %oil (41.9) or on oil yield (420 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.8 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of  2 experiments

• Soil extractable B was 0.7 mg/kg.

• Plant density were not effected by B fertiliser (59-56 plants/m2)

• Plant B concentrations 26 -30 mg/kg.

• B fertiliser had no effect on seedling density; September Dry matter (DM) (2.0 t/ha); Seed yield (1.55 t/ha) or N % in DM (3.43 % N) or N in the seed (3.6 %).

• B had no effect on %oil (41.9) or on oil yield (650 kg/ha).

• Soil extractable B Hot CaCl2 of 0.7 was adequate

  Care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Summary of 3 seasons esperiments mainly located in the Yuna & Badgingarra region

• Boron (B) deficiency frequently occurs on soils that are low in organic carbon (C) (<1.0% organic C), pH (soil pHCa <5.0), and clay content (<5% clay). Acid sands with these soil properties are common in south-western Australia (SWA). Moreover, hot calcium chloride (CaCl2) extractable B levels are commonly marginal in the acid sands of SWA. This study examined the effects of soluble and slow release soil-applied B fertilizer and foliar B sprays on crops most likely to respond to B fertilizer on these soils, canola (oil-seed rape, Brassica napus L.) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.).

  At 25 sites over three years, canola was grown with (0.34 kg ha-1) or without B applied as borax [sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2B4O7·10H2O) 11% B], and this was followed by nine experiments with B rates [0, 0.55, 1.1 kg ha−1, applied as borax or calcium borate (ulexite, NaCaB5O6(OH)6·5(H2O), 13% B] and foliar sprays (0.1% solution of solubor, 23% B) in 2000–2001. A further five sites of B rates and sources experiments were carried out with lupin in 2000–2001. Finally, foliar B sprays (5% B w/v as a phenolic complex) at flowering were tested on seven sites in farmers’ canola crops for seed yield increases. No seed yield increases to soil-applied B were found while foliar B application at flowering increased canola seed yield in only one season across seven locations. By contrast, borax fertilizer drilled with the seed at sowing decreased canola seed yield in nine of 34-farm sites, and decreased lupin yield in two of five trials. Toxicity from drilled boron fertilizer decreased yield could be explained by decreases in plant density (by 22–40%) to values lower than required for optimum seed yield. Seedling emergence was decreased by borax applied at sowing but less so by calcium borate. Foliar B spray application never reduced seed yield due to toxicity effects.

   

  Boron fertilizer drilled with the seed increased the B concentration in plant dry matter at early to mid-flowering. Boron application decreased the oil concentration of grain of canola at four sites. The oil yield of canola was significantly decreased at seven sites.

  Notwithstanding the marginal B levels on acid sands of the SWA region, care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha−1(3-10 kg borax ha−1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.

• Boron not required

• Under extreme disease pressure, Ascochyta blight can be successfully and economically managed on susceptible varieties such as KyabraA.
• However, Ascochyta blight management is easier and more cost effective on varieties with improved resistance such as PBA HatTrickA and PBA BoundaryA.
• The 2015 Ascochyta trial, confirmed the next variety planned for release (CICA0912) has an improved level of resistance to Ascochyta blight.
   

A field trial was undertaken at Kinnabulla (VIC) in 2019 to investigate combinations of sowing time, seed rate and herbicide treatments to control brome grass in barley. Spartacus CL barley was used in this trial to enable the use of Intervix® for post-emergence control of brome grass. In 2019, the trial site received 181 mm rainfall during the growing season (April-October), which was 23% lower than the long-term average for the site. However in December 2018, the site received a heavy downpour of 199 mm, which created good growing conditions for barley crop grown in 2019. In this trial, barley seeding rate did not have a significant effect on either yield (P=0.213), brome panicles/m2 at maturity (P=0.889) or brome seed set/m2 (P=0.409). This lack of effect of crop seed rate on the number of brome panicles and seed set could be related to the high plant available water during the crop and weed life-cycle or due to Spartacus being a less competitive barley cultivar due to its erect architecture. Time of sowing had a significant effect on brome panicles/m2 at maturity and brome seed set/m2. TOS 2 had a lower brome panicle density at maturity than TOS 1 across all herbicide strategies, which was most likely due to low pre-sowing weed kill in TOS 1 as brome grass had not yet germinated. However, brome population that had germinated after the opening rains was killed by glyphosate application prior to seeding barley in TOS 2. As the numbers of panicles were lower in TOS 2, brome seed set was also reduced in TOS2 relative to TOS 1. Herbicide strategy had a significant effect on barley grain yield. As the herbicides reduced the impact of brome on barley, its yield increased from 3.24 t/ha in the knockdown treatment (NIL), to 3.72 t/ha in the pre-emergent herbicides only and to 3.96 t/ha when the pre-emergent herbicides were followed by post-emergent Intervix. Somewhat surprisingly, TOS 2 produced higher yields than TOS 1 across all the treatments, with the greatest difference being 0.46 t/ha in the Nil herbicide treatments. However, the yield difference between the two times of sowing decreased when more effective herbicides were used (0.08t/ha difference between TOS 1 and 2 in pre-emergent only and 0.04t/ha difference when pre-emergent herbicides followed by Intervix). Higher barley grain yield in the later sown crop is most likely due to a significantly greater weed density in barley in TOS 1 than in TOS 2, as large numbers of early germinating brome plants were controlled with glyphosate knockdown in TOS 2. TOS 1 also experienced a mild frost during flowering, resulting in patchy frost damage. Furthermore, May 23 (TOS 2) sowing date still falls within the optimum sowing window for Spartacus, which is an early maturity variety, and TOS 1 on April 29 was earlier than optimum for this variety.

A field trial was undertaken in 2019 to investigate combinations of faba bean sowing time, seed rate and herbicide treatments to control annual ryegrass. ARG plant density was significantly influenced by the time of sowing (P<0.001), herbicide treatment (P<0.001) and the interaction between the time of sowing and herbicide (P=0.012). The 3 week delay in seeding faba beans had no impact on ARG plant density, as shown by the similar ARG density in the simazine + trifluralin treatment. However, POST clethodim and butroxydim had much greater efficacy in the 2nd time of sowing (TOS 2) than in the TOS 1. The same trend was evident in ARG seed set when crop seeding was delayed. In the Simazine + Trifluralin (IBS) treatment there was only an 8% reduction in ARG seed production when seeding was delayed. However, Simazine + Trifluralin (IBS) fb Clethodim had a 62% reduction in ARG seed production in TOS 2 than in TOS 1. ARG seed production was also strongly influenced by faba bean seed rate (P<0.001). The high faba bean seed rate had 43% less ARG seed set compared to the low faba bean seed rate. This result indicates that faba beans can be highly competitive with ARG at the high seed rate. Faba bean grain yield was significantly influenced by crop seed rate (P<0.001), with the high seed rate yielding 14% and 30% higher than the medium and low seed rates, respectively. Herbicide treatment had a significant effect on faba bean grain yield. When POST clethodim was applied after the Simazine + Trifluralin IBS (1.55 t/ha), faba bean grain yield improved by 43% to 2.211 t/ha. Crop yield responses to herbicides treatments were consistent with their efficacy on ARG, which highlights the sensitivity of faba bean grain yield to weed competition. This study has shown that at high plant density, faba beans can provide a significant suppression of ARG. However, faba beans were very intolerant to weeds as shown by the large yield losses. Higher seed rates, are important to both increase competitiveness of faba beans in suppressing ARG, and to also maintain grain yield. However, fungal disease management would need to be monitored and managed effectively.

A field trial was undertaken at Washpool in 2019 to investigate combinations of wheat sowing time, seed rate and herbicide treatments to control annual ryegrass. The average seedbank of annual ryegrass (ARG) at the site was 2249 ± 284 seeds/m2. There was no evidence at this site of any reduction in ryegrass infestation in wheat by delaying sowing by three weeks between TOS 1 (77plants/m2) and TOS (74plants/m2). This result suggests the Washpool ARG population likely has a high level of seed dormancy, reducing the rate of ryegrass germination after the opening rainfall events. Herbicide treatment had a significant influence on ARG plant density (P<0.001). Boxer gold and Sakura + Avadex reduced ARG plant density by 45% and 73% from the untreated control (125 ARG plants/m2). Wheat was much more competitive against ARG when it was sown early. This was made evident by the large increase in ARG seed production when seeding was delayed. When averaged across all other treatments TOS 1 produced 1634 ARG seeds/m2, which was 73% lower than 5974 ARG seeds/m2 produced in TOS 2 (P=0.013). Wheat seed rate had a significant influence on ARG seed production (P=0.005), with the high wheat seed rate supressing ARG seed production by 37% when compared to the lowest wheat seed rate (100 seeds/m2). Wheat grain yield at this site was significantly influenced by the time of sowing (P=0.001), seed rate (P=0.001), herbicide treatments (P=0.001), and the interaction between the time of sowing and herbicides (P=0.011). Wheat was much more tolerant to ryegrass competition when sown early (TOS 1) as shown by the small increase in grain yield in herbicide treated plots. In contrast, there was a significant increase in wheat grain yield in herbicide treatments in TOS 2. The results of this study clearly show that delayed sowing of wheat allows for greater seed set by ryegrass and is also associated with a large yield penalty.

• Summary of 1 year.
• Cu fertiliser previously drilled with wheat appeared more availalble  than current drilled.
• CuSulfate @ 5.5  kg/ha gave maximum dry matter yield.
• Zn & Mo basalled for clover growth.
• Cu  at 5.5 kg Cu sulfate gave maximum yield of barley in year 2..
• Copper deficiency of wheat, barley and poor clover growth has been recorded by many farmers.
•  

• Cu & Zn either separately or in combination increased grain yield.
• Combination of 11 Kg Cu sulfate and 3.3 kg ZnO recommended
• Follow with a combination of 5.5  Kg Cu sulfate and 1.6 kg ZnO recommended in following crops.
• No information on Zn depressing yield with nil or low rates of Cu.

• Neither Cu or Zn added to superphosphate increased grain yield.  Nil Cu & Nil Zn gave maximum grain yield.
• Zinc oxide at 3.3 kg/ha did not reduced yield of wheat with Cu.
• Cu application gave  no yield increase or decrease without Zn applied.
• No combination of Cu sulfate and kg Zn oxide required.
• Plainsuperphosphate gave higher yield than aerophos+gypsum gave maximum yield.
• .

• Cu increased with or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• Zn depressed yield when Cu was 5.5 or below (0 & 2.75)
• Higher the Zn rate the greater the depression..
• Combination of Cu sulfate (5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and nil kg Zn oxide required.
• Or Cu 2.75 kg Cu sulfate & nil Zn gave maximum yields.
• Highest ZnO (3.3 kg/ha), particularlym at 0 & lowest Cu level (2.75 kg Cu sulfate/ha)
• Plain superphosphate gave same yield as aerophos+gypsum.
• .

• Cu increased with or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• Zn depressed yield when Cu was 5.5 or below (0 & 2.75)
• Higher the Zn rate the greater the depression..
• Combination of Cu sulfate (5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and nil kg Zn oxide required.
• Or Cu 2.75 kg Cu sulfate & nil Zn gave maximum yields.
• Highest ZnO (3.3 kg/ha), particularlym at 0 & lowest Cu level (2.75 kg Cu sulfate/ha)
• Plain superphosphate gave same yield as aerophos+gypsum.
• .

• 2 experiments in region on the same soil type.
• Cu increased with or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• Zn markedly depressed yield when nil Cu. Depression smaller for 2.75 & 5.5 kg Cu sulfate /ha.
• Highest the Zn rate (3.3 Kg ZnO/ha) the greater the depresion
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 kg & 5.5 Cu sulfate) and nil kg Zn oxide required for maximum grain yield.
• Plain superphosphate (PS) gave higher grain yield than aerophos+gypsum (AG)
• AS PS >AG indicates Zn wouls be required for oats or Clover.
•  
• .

• Cu & Zn either separately or in combination increased grain yield.
• Zn deficiencies seen in wheat.
• Combination of 11 Kg Cu sulfate and 3.3 kg ZnO recommended
• Follow with a combination of 5.5  Kg Cu sulfate and 1.6 kg ZnO recommended in following crops
•  

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• All Zn depressed yield when no  Cu.
• Combination of Cu sulfate (.2.75 kg Cu sulfate) and nil  KgZno /ha required for maximum yields.
• .Best combination of the soil type for both 1967 & 1967 Cu Sulfate at 2.75  and nil  ZnO/ha

• Trend to higher grain yield with increasing Cu & Zn levels
•  Zn O at 0.8 kg/ha supplied enough Zn for maximum grain yield.
• Combination of Cu sulfate with  KgZnO /ha required for maximum yields. Howver, Cu level required could not be determined.
• .Best combination of the soil type for both 1966 & 1967 suggest  that Cu Sulfate at 5.5 -8.25 kgCusulfate   and 0.8  ZnO/ha would be best for the soil type.

• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Zn application depressed grain yield at lower rates of Cu (nil & 2.75 kg Cu sul/ha).
• Zn increased grain yield with 5.5 & 8.25 kg Cusul/ha
• Combination of Cu sulfate (5.5 &m 8.25 kg Cu sulfate) and 1.6 KgZnO /ha  gave for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate yield same as  Aerophos +gypsum.
•  

• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Zn application depressed grain yield at lower rates of Cu (nil & 2.75 kg Cu sul/ha).
• Zn increased grain yield with 5.5 & 8.25 kg Cusul/ha
• Combination of Cu sulfate (5.5 &m 8.25 kg Cu sulfate) and 1.6 KgZnO /ha  gave for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate yield same as  Aerophos +gypsum.
•  

• Cu increased grain yield with & without Zn
• Combination of 5 Cu levels and 4 ZnO [ incomplete factorial].
• Cu application increased grain yield by 50 -100%.
• Zn depressed yield at nil Cu
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75kg Cu sulfate) and nil Zn
• 0.6 - 1.0 Kg ZnO /ha for  maximum yield of oats, clover & linseed.

• General location only as 3 experiments are summarised for 1960's.
• Combination of 4 Cu levels and 3 ZnO.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 50%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu
• Combination of Cu sulfate 8.25 kg Cu sulfate) and 2.75 Kg ZnO /ha  gave for the same maximum yield.
• Suggested a further application of 5.5 kg Cu sulfate & 1.6 kg ZnO may be benficial.

• General location only as 8 experiments are summarised for 1967.
• Trials over 1965-1967 
• Combination of 4 Cu levels and 3 Zn [0.8 kg ZnO ommitted].
• Summary of  8 experiments with 4 Cu and 3 Zn levels sandy and gravelly laterite derived soils
• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 35 - 50%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu and 2.75 kg Cu Sulfate/ha
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75kg Cu sulfate) and nil KgZnO /ha  gave for the same maximum yield.as 5.5 kg Cu Sulfate & 0.8 kg ZnO/ha
•  

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• All Zn depressed yield when no  Cu, 2.75 & 5.5 Kg/ha had been applied.
• With Zn nil and 0.8 kg Zn O Cu at 5.5 kgCu sul/ha gave maximum yield grain yield.Sulfate gave higher yield.
• For wheat, combination of Cu sulfate (5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and nil  KgZno /ha required for maximum yields.
• Zn deficiency symptoms seen extensive in wheat grown on Aerophos + gypsm  
• Plain superphosphate yield higher than Aerophos +gypsum suggested  Zn soil is marginal and Zn addition (0.8 kg/ha) recommended for Oats and Clover.

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• All Zn depressed yield when no  Cu, 2.75 & 5.5 Kg/ha had been applied.
• With Zn nil and 0.8 kg Zn O Cu at 5.5 kgCu sul/ha gave maximum yield grain yield.Sulfate gave higher yield.
• For wheat, combination of Cu sulfate (5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and nil  KgZno /ha required for maximum yields.
• Zn deficiency symptoms seen extensive in wheat grown on Aerophos + gypsm  
• Plain superphosphate yield higher than Aerophos +gypsum suggested  Zn soil is marginal and Zn addition (0.8 kg/ha) recommended for Oats and Clover.

• General location only as 15 experiments are summarised.
• Summary of 15 experiments with 4 Cu and 4 Zn levels sandy and gravelly laterite derived soils
• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 &  5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and 0.8 KgZnO /ha  gave for maximum yield.
•  

• General location only as 15 experiments are summarised for 1965.
• Summary of 15 experiments with 4 Cu and 4 Zn levels sandy and gravelly laterite derived soils
• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 50%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 &  5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and 0.8 KgZnO /ha  gave for maximum yield.
•  

• General location only as 15 experiments are summarised for 1967.
• Trials over 1965-1967 
• Combination of 4 Cu levels and 3 Zn [0.8 kg ZnO ommitted].
• Summary of 15 experiments with 4 Cu and 3 Zn levels sandy and gravelly laterite derived soils
• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 50%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75kg Cu sulfate) and nil KgZnO /ha  gave for the same maximum yield.as 8.25 kg Cu Sulfate & 3.3 kg ZnO/ha
•  

• General location only as 5 experiments are summarised for 1967.
• Trials over 1965-1967 
• Combination of 4 Cu levels and 4 ZnO.
• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 30-50%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75kg Cu sulfate) and nil KgZnO /ha  gave for the same maximum yield.as 8.25 kg Cu Sulfate & 3.3 kg ZnO/ha
•  

• General location only as 3 experiments are summarised for 1967.
• Trials over 1965-1967 
• Combination of 4 Cu levels and 4 ZnO.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 30-50%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75kg Cu sulfate) and 0.8 Kg ZnO /ha  gave for the same maximum yield.

• Neither Cu & Zn separately nor in combination increased grain yield

• Neither Cu & Zn separately nor in combination increased grain yield

• Cu & Zn either separately or in combination increased grain yield.
• Zn deficiencies seen in wheat during 1968.
• Combination of 2.75 Kg Cu and 0.8 kg ZnO recommended

• General location only as 3 experiments are summarised for 1960'.
• Combination of 4 Cu levels and 4 ZnO.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 30-50%
• Combination of Cu sulfate (5.5kg Cu sulfate) and 2.75 Kg ZnO /ha for  maximum yield.

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• All Zn depressed yield when no  Cu.
• At 2.75 & 5.5 kg Cu sulfate /ha, 1.6 & 3.3 kg Zn oxide depressed grain yield 
• Combination of Cu sulfate (.8.25kg Cu sulfate) and 1.6 KgZno /ha required for maximum yields.
• .Best combination of the soil type for both 1967 & 1967 Cu Sulfate at 5.5 and ).8 kg ZnO/ha

• Cu increased Grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Zn application depressed grain yield at lower rates of Cu.
• Combination of Cu sulfate (5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and nil  KgZnO /ha  gave for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate yield same as  Aerophos +gypsum.
• Suggest soil was adequate for grain yield of wheat.
• Suggested soil Zn would be adequate for barley and clover.

• Cu increased Grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Zn application depressed grain yield at lower rates of Cu (nil & 2.75 kg Cu sul/ha).
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 kg Cu sulfate) and nil  KgZnO /ha  gave for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate yield same as  Aerophos +gypsum.
• Suggest soil Zn was adequate for grain yield of wheat.
•  

• Trend to higher grain yield with increasing Cu & Zn levels
• Cu at 2.75 Cu sul/ha & Zn O at 1.6 kg/ha supplied enough Zn for maximum grain yield.
• .Best combination of the soil type for both 1966 & 1967 appeat to be inconsistent for the soil type.
• Researchers suggest the combination to cover future crops and the suggest there is a long residual value.in mid-1960's residual value was about 5 years.

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• All Zn depressed yield when no  Cu had been applied.
• Zn O at 3.3 kg/ha depressed grain yield with 5.5 or less kg/ha Cu sulfate
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 & 5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and nil  KgZnO  /ha Cu 5.5 and ZnO 1.6 kg/ha required for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate yield same as  Aerophos +gypsum.

• Zn application gave varying results in grain yield
• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• All Zn depressed yield when no  Cu had been applied.
• Zn O at 3.3 kg/ha depressed grain yield with 5.5 or less kg/ha Cu sulfate
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 & 5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and nil  KgZnO  /ha Cu 5.5 and ZnO 1.6 kg/ha all gave for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate yield same as  Aerophos +gypsum.

• Cu increased with Zn added to superphosphate.  
• Zn depressed yield when no  Cu was applied
• Higher the Zn rate the greater the depression at nil Cu..
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 kg Cu sulfate) and 0.8 kg Zn oxide required for maximum yields.
• Plain superphosphate (PS) gave greater yield than aerophos+gypsum (AG).
• PS grester than AG indicates Zn is reqired for oats and a clover ley.
• .

• Cu increased with Zn added to superphosphate.  
• Zn depressed yield when no  Cu was applied
• Higher the Zn rate the greater the depression at nil Cu..
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 kg Cu sulfate) and 0.8 kg Zn oxide required for maximum yields.
• Plain superphosphate (PS) gave greater yield than aerophos+gypsum (AG).
• PS grester than AG indicates Zn is reqired for oats and a clover ley.
• .

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• Zn depressed yield when no  Cu or where 2.75 kg Cu sulfate /ha was applied
• Higher the Zn rate the greater the depression at nil Cu..
• At 5.5 & 8.25 kg Cu sulfate /ha, 1.6 & 3.3 kg Zn oxide depressed grain yield 
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 kg Cu sulfate) and nil Zn oxide or 5,5 kg Cusulfate and 0.8 KgZno /ha required for maximum yields.Comments combinations are not significantly different
• Plain superphosphate (PS) gave greater yield than aerophos+gypsum (AG).
• PS grester than AG indicates Zn is reqired for oats and a clover ley.
• .

• Cu application no effect on grain yield without Zn.
• Zn application depressed grain yiled without Cu
• With Zn applied Cu application restored grain yield
• Cu at 2.75 Cu sul/ha & Zn O at 0.8 kg/ha supplied enough Zn for maximum grain yield.
• .Researchers suggest the combination to cover future crops and the suggest there is a long residual value.in mid-1960's residual value was about 5 years.

• Cu application no effect on grain yield without Zn.
• Zn application depressed grain yiled without Cu
• With Zn applied Cu application restored grain yield
• Cu at 2.75 Cu sul/ha & Zn O at 0.8 kg/ha supplied enough Zn for maximum grain yield.
• .Researchers suggest the combination to cover future crops and the suggest there is a long residual value.in mid-1960's residual value was about 5 years.

• Zn application gave varying results in grain yield
• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• Combination of Cu sulfate (8.25 kg Cu sulfate) and nil  KgZnO  /ha  gave for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate yield same as  Aerophos +gypsum.

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• All Zn depressed yield when no  Cu had been applied.
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 kg Cu sulfate) and nil  KgZno /ha required for maximum yields.
• .Best combination of the soil type for both 1967 & 1967 Cu Sulfate at 2.75  and nil  ZnO/ha.
• Plain superphosphateyield higher than Aerophos +gypsum suggested  Zn soil is marginal and Zn addition recommended for Oats and Clover.

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• All Zn levels may have aslight depression on yield with nil Cu 2.75 & 5.5 Cu levels, particularly 3.3 kg /ha of ZnO application.
• Combination of Cu Sul at 5.5 kg/ha and nil  kg/ha ZnO or 8.25 kg Cu/ha& 1.6 kg/ha ZnO was required for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate out yielded  Aerophos +gypsum suggested  Zn soil was inadequat for oats and or clover.

• Cu increased  graiin yield with  all Zn.
• No depression of 3.3 kg ZnO on grain yield across Cu levels
• Concluded that Cu sulfate at 2.75 kg/ha and ZnO @ 0.8 kg /ha .
• Plainsuperphosphate gave higher yield than aerophos + gypsum Zn addition required for grain yield of oats and also clover growth..

• Cu increased  graiin yield with  all Zn.
• No depression of 3.3 kg ZnO on grain yield across Cu levels
• Concluded that Cu sulfate at 2.75 kg/ha and ZnO @ 0.8 kg /ha .
• Plainsuperphosphate gave higher yield than aerophos + gypsum Zn addition required for grain yield of oats and also clover growth..

• Inconsistent graiin yield with Cu & Zn.
•  

• Inconsistent graiin yield with Cu & Zn.
• Inconsistent depression of 3.3 kg ZnO on grain yield across Cu levels although ZnO 3.3 depressed yield of Nil Cu and 2.75 kg Cu sulfate /ha.
• Concluded that grey clay [moort clays] may not need Cu or Zn.
• Zn in plainsuperphosphate may be adequate for grain yield.

• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 30-40%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 kg & 5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and 0.8 KgZnO /ha  for maximum yield on gravel sites.
• General conclusion for soil ttype was 5.5 kg Cu sulfate and 0.8 kg ZnO
• General conclusion similar results to yellowm-brown gravel  of the central wheatbelt of WA.

• Neither Cu or Zn increased grain yield.  Nil Cu & Nil Zn near maximum grain yield.
• Zinc oxide at 3.3 kg/ha did reduced yield of wheat with Cu.
• Cu application gave  no yield increase or decrease without Zn applied.
• Combination of 2.75 kg Cu sulfate and 0.8 kg Zn oxide suggested as best combination although not different from the Nil treatments.
• Plainsuperphosphate and aerophos+gypsum gave maximum yield.
• .

• Neither Cu or Zn increased grain yield.  Nil Cu & Nil Zn near maximum grain yield.
• Zinc oxide at 3.3 kg/ha did reduced yield of wheat with Cu.
• Cu application gave  no yield increase or decrease without Zn applied.
• No combination of Cu sulfate and kg Zn oxide suggested as a best combination.
• Plainsuperphosphate and aerophos+gypsum gave maximum yield.
• .

• Neither Cu or Zn increased grain yield
• Zinc did not reduced yield of wheat with Cu nil. Cu application gave  no yield increase without Zn applied.
• Combination of 5.5 kg Cu sulfate and 8.25 kg Cu sulfate depressd yield.
• Plainsuperphosphate and aerophos+gypsum gave maximum yield.
• .

• Neither Zinc or Cu increased grainyield alone
• Wheat required Cu & Zn applied together.
• Combination of 5.5 kg Cu sulfate and 1.7 kg Zn oxide gace maximum yield.
• There was no evidence that further additions of Cu and Zn was needed in subsequent years.

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
•  ZnO application had no consistent effect on grain with Cu applied.
• Combination of Cu Sul at 5.5 kg/ha and  nil  ZnO was required for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate yielded  the same as Aerophos +gypsum suggested  Zn soil was adequate.

• General location only as 3 experiments are summarised for 1967.
• Trials over 1965-1967 ; covers a range of locations for the central wheatbelt area
• Summary of 3 experiments with 4 Cu and 4 Zn levels
• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 35 - 50%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu more in the gravels than sands
• Combination of Cu sulfate (5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and 1.6  KgZnO /ha  for maximum yield on gravel sites
• General conclusion 5.5 kg Cu sulfate and 0.8 kg/ha ZnO adequatefor sandy surfaced grey earths of the central wheatbelt of WA.

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• All Zn levels depressed yield with nil Cu other levels of ZnO application increased grain with Cu applied.
• Combination of Cu Sul at 5.5 kg/ha and 0.8 kg/ha ZnO was required for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate out yielded  Aerophos +gypsum suggested  Zn soil was inadequate.

• Concluded that Cu and Zn not required for wheat .
• Zn addition not required for grain yield of oats and also clover growth..

• General location only as 5 experiments are summarised for 1967.
• Trials over 1965-1967 ; covers a range of locations for the central wheatbelt area
• Combination of 4 Cu levels and 3 Zn [0.8 kg ZnO ommitted].
• Summary of  5 experiments with 4 Cu and 3 Zn levels sandy
• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 35 - 50%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu.
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75kg Cu sulfate) and nil KgZnO /ha  gave the same maximum yield.

• Cu increased with or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• Zinc oxide increased yield of wheat with Cu (2.75 & 5.5  Kg Cu sulfate/ha).
• Combination of Cu sulfate (5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and 0.8 kg Zn oxide required.
• Plain superphosphate gave higher yield than aerophos+gypsum.
• .

• Summary of 2 experimental sites 
• Cu increased with or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• Zinc oxide increased yield of wheat with Cu (2.75 & 5.5  Kg Cu sulfate/ha).
• Combination of Cu sulfate (5.5 kg Cu sulfate) and 0.8 kg Zn oxide required.
• Plainsuperphosphate gave higher yield than aerophos+gypsum.
• .

• Summary of 2 experimental sites 
• Small additions of Cu or Zn added to superphosphate increased grain yield.  
• Zinc oxide at 3.3 kg/ha did  reduced yield of wheat with Cu (0 & 2.75 Kg Cusulfate/ha).
• Cu application at 8.25 kg Cusulfate without Zn applied decreased grain yield.
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 kg Cu sulfate) and 0.8 kg Zn oxide required.
• Plainsuperphosphate gave higher yield than aerophos+gypsum gave maximum yield.
• .

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• All Zn levels followed no consistent pattern some depressed yield other levels of ZnO application increased.
• Concludedd Zn application not real & Zn had no clear reffect on grain yield.
• Combination of Cu Sul at 2.75 kg/ha and nil ZnO was requyired for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate yield was the sane as Aerophos +gypsum suggested  Zn soil was adequate; hence no further Zn was recommended for Oats and Clover.

• Cu increased with Zn or without Zn added to superphosphate.  
• All Zn levels depressed yield with nil Cu 2.75 & 5.5 Cu levels, particularly 3.3 kg /ha of ZnO application.
• Combination of Cu Sul at 5.5 kg/ha and nil  kg/ha ZnO or 2.75 kg Cu/ha nil Zn was required for maximum yield.
• Plain superphosphate out yielded  Aerophos +gypsum suggested  Zn soil was inadequat for oats and or clover.

• Summary of 2 experiments
• Nil Cu and Nil Zn gave equal top yield.  
• Even without Zn, CuSulfate @2.75 kg/ha slight nonsignificant increase in the growing season.
• Zn addition decrease wheat yield with no added Cu.
• Cu  at 2.75 kg Cu sulfate gave maximum yield.
• Copper deficiency of wheat and barley have been recorded in trials and farmer paddocks.
• Aerophos and plain superphosphate treatments were not significantly different.

• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 50-60%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu and in all Cu applications
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 kg Cu sulfate) and nil KgZnO /ha  for maximum yield on gravel sites
• General conclusion similar results to yellowm-brown gravel  of the central wheatbelt of WA.

• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 50-60%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu and in all Cu applications
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 kg Cu sulfate) and nil KgZnO /ha  for maximum yield on gravel sites
• General conclusion similar results to yellowm-brown gravel  of the central wheatbelt of WA.

• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 50-60%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu and in all Cu applications
• Combination of Cu sulfate (2.75 kg Cu sulfate) and nil KgZnO /ha  for maximum yield on gravel sites
• General conclusion similar results to yellowm-brown gravel  of the central wheatbelt of WA.

• Nil Cu and Nil Zn gave equal top yield.   Zinc addition reduced yield of wheat with Cu nil. 
• Combination of 2.75 kg Cu sulfate and 1.7 kg Zn oxide gave maximum yield. The increase with 2.75 kg/ha Cu sulfate was about the same magnitude  caused by Zn addition where nil Cu was applied. Zn did not depress yield where Cu was applied.
• There was no evidence that further additions of Cu and Zn was needed for wheat in subsequent years.

• Summary of 2 experiments
• Nil Cu and Nil Zn gave equal top yield.  
• Combination of 2.75 kg Cu sulfate and 0.8 kg Zn oxide gave maximum yield.
• Copper deficiency of wheat and barley have been recorded in trials and farmer paddocks.
• Similarly, Zn deficiency in oats have been recorded in trials grown on yellow sands.

• General location only as 13 experiments are summarised for 1967.
• Trials over 1965-1967 ; covers a range of locations for the central wheatbelt area
• Gravelly sites only slightly more affected by Cu deficiency than sandy sites.
• Summary of 13 experiments with 4 Cu and 4 Zn levels
• Cu increased grain yield in the absence or presence of Zn.
• Cu application increased grain yield by 35 - 50%
• Zn depressed grain yield at nil Cu more in the gravels than sands
• Combination of Cu sulfate (8.25 kg Cu sulfate) and 1.6 or 3.3 KgZnO /ha  for maximum yield on gravel sites
• Zn nil or ZnO0.8 kg/ha Cu Sul 2.75 or 5.5 kg/ha on sandy sites
• General conclusion 5.5 kg Cu sulfate and 0.8 kg/ha ZnO adequatefor sandy and gravelly surfaced yellow earths of the central wheatbelt of WA.