There was no significant response to fungicide for grain yield or grain quality from spring sowing (table 1 and table 2).
Disease levels were low, but despite up to 20% of the leaf area affected with net form of net blotch and scald there was no yield response (figure 1).
Spring sown barley is incredibly robust, the canopy develops rapidly and disease develops later and has less impact on grain yield.

This is a similar finding to 2020, and demonstrates intensive fungicide inputs, and more expensive SDHI chemistries may not be required to the same degree as autumn sown systems (see Millicent results 2021).

Fungicide management had little to no influence on grain quality and yield in Planet in 2021 despite low levels of disease in the plots.
These data is in contrast to cool longer season HRZ environments where the addition of an SDHI or more robust chemistry is providing large yield increases.
Caution should be taken when interpreting single site data. Planet is very susceptible to disease and single site data needs to be combined with other sites and environments to determine where and when we are most likely to achieve a yield response to increased
fungicide inputs.

 The feed winter wheats RGT Accroc, Anapurna and RGT Cesario significantly out yielded all other cultivars at all three levels of fungicide input and achieved over 10t/ha with fungicide input.
 There was a significant interaction between cultivar and fungicide management with the stripe rust susceptible cultivars Trojan and Catapult giving yield responses of 1.09 and 3.58t/ha to a single flag leaf fungicide compared to less than a 1t/ha with the majority of cultivars.
 Septoria tritici blotch (STB) was the principal disease in untreated crops of Scepter and Beckom, whilst stripe rust (pathotype 239 dominant with 198 pathotype also present) was the main disease in Trojan, RGT Accroc and Catapult. Other cultivars were subject to low levels of both stripe rust and STB disease pressure.
 Only Trojan and Catapult gave significant yield increases to the application of more than one fungicide unit while only Trojan gave a significant yield increase to four units of fungicide (seed treatment and three foliar fungicides).
 The significant interaction observed in grain yields was also apparent in the grain quality (protein, test weights and screenings) and the resulting wheat grade.
 Highest return on investment with fungicide was seen in the spring wheat cultivars Trojan, Beckom and Catapult due to both higher grain yield and better grain quality.

Increasing fungicide input across seven cultivars of wheat produced significant interactions in both grain yield and quality (protein, test weight and screenings) (Tables 1 – 5). The influence of treatment on net margin, cost benefit ratios ($ earnt for $ spent) and gross margins are presented in Tables 6-8. The disease recorded in the trials was principally Septoria tritici blotch (STB), stripe rust
and leaf rust, levels of which are presented.

 Yields of 14t/ha and above were achieved with three varieties of wheat - Big Red, RGT Cesario and RGT Accroc with untreated plots of RGT Cesario and Big Red yielding 13.52 and 13.68t/ha.
 Although the untreated crops of RGT Cesario and Big Red were lower yielding than treated plots there was no statistically significant yield response to fungicides in these varieties with a maximum 0.5t/ha response in Cesario and 0.7t/ha response in Big Red.
 These responses to fungicides compared to the more susceptible RGT Accroc giving a maximum of 3t/ha to fungicide, intermediate susceptibility of Anapurna giving a maximum of 2.57t/ha.
 These larger responses to fungicides were the result of higher infection levels of Septoria tritici blotch (STB) and late leaf rust infection which were far less significant in Cesario and Big Red.
 The response to four units of fungicide in Revenue, the most susceptible cultivar for both STB and leaf rust was almost 4t/ha and the yield penalty for dropping to 2 units of fungicide was a minimum of 0.7t/ha.
 With RGT Cesario the yield increase associated with moving from a single flag spray to 4 units of fungicide was only 0.22t/ha (not significant) valued at $66/ha at $300/t, which was approximately the cost of the extra fungicide units (seed treatment and two foliars) and their application.
 With Big Red two units of fungicides (IDM 2-unit approach – GS31 and GS39) gave a 0.28t/ha advantage (not significant) over one spray at flag leaf (GS39).
 Where leaf rust was more severe than early STB the 2-spray straddle approach of a later first and second spray (GS33 & GS55-59) were more successful than the 2 spray IDM approach which had earlier spray timings GS31 and GS39.

 Fungicide management significantly increased yield in all varieties except RGT Cesario.
 The maximum yield response to fungicides was as follows: RGT Accroc (3.81t/ha) > Revenue 3.39t/ha) > RGT Calabro (2.42t/ha), Anapurna (2.2t/ha), Trojan (1.25t/ha) > Big Red (0.97t/ha) > Scepter (0.91t/ha) and RGT Cesario (0.71t/ha).
 At $300/t the value of even the lowest response to fungicide was $213/ha.
 Anapurna and RGT Cesario both generated 11t/ha but in both cases only two fungicide units was required to achieve these yields, whereas with RGT Accroc it was necessary to use 4 units of fungicide to maximise yield.
 Maximum yield response was achieved with 4 units of fungicide in RGT Calabro, Revenue, Trojan and Big Red.
 With Scepter there was little yield difference (0.14t/ha) between 2 and 4 units of fungicide.
 The impact of fungicide application was noted in grain quality with all fungicide strategies showing lower screenings, although the impact on screenings was clearly related to the size of yield increase, such that with Revenue there was a large difference in screenings (4%) between management approaches and only 1% with RGT Cesario.

 Yields were severely curtailed by waterlogging in this trial but results mirror what was observed in disease levels at other HYC research sites.
 Waterlogging compressed the yield impact of fungicide application, but the influence of genetic resistance was still apparent in the results.
 As observed at other centres Revenue gave a significantly greater response (maximum 2.61t/ha) to a disease management package than the higher yielding cultivars such as RGT Cesario and Anapurna where the maximum response to fungicide was 0.51t/ha and 0.55t/ha respectively.
 These larger responses to fungicides were the result of higher infection levels of Septoria tritici blotch (STB) and late leaf rust infection which were far less significant in Cesario and Big Red.
 The other aspect of the yield results that is more noticeable is that with the more disease resistant lines there is much less difference in whether it was 1, 2 or 4 units of fungicide.

 The fungicide treatments were effective in reducing the incidence of foliar disease, however yield responses to fungicide were not significant at this site in 2020.
 Hv8 Nitro had greater infection of Spot Form Net Blotch (SFNB) than Planet, The addition of the seed treatment Systiva combined with a 2-spray foliar fungicide program reduced the infection levels of SFNB on Nitro. In the absence of a seed treatment the additional fungicide at GS39 had little effect on SNFB control suggest GS31 treatments are more effective.
 RGT Planet is more susceptible than HV8 Nitro to NFNB, greater control of infection was achieved in Planet with two foliar sprays compared to one application and untreated, while Nitro achieved similar control with one application at GS31. In this season the addition of Systiva as a seed treatment did not further improve control in Planet, or Nitro.
 Grain quality responses were significant and disease control enabled Planet to achieve malting specification. All fungicide treatments improved test weight by more than 1kg/hl and increased grain plumpness by between 4 – 6% larger.

 Compared to the untreated control a single application of fungicide did not improve yields despite reducing the incidence of NFNB in Planet, and Scald in HV8 Nitro.
 The movement to a two spray fungicide strategy with the first timing at GS31 followed by the second timing at GS39 – 49 increased yield by 0.9 and 1t/ha respectively compared to the untreated control or single unit application.
 The inclusion of an SDHI seed dressing Systiva did not improve yields relative to the two unit fungicide strategy.
 These findings suggest the second timing of GS39-49 is providing the majority of the yield improvement observed at this experiment in 2020, this finding is also true for the level of disease infection expressed
 The use of fungicides applied at GS39 – 49 are consistently improving grain quality and the frequency in which malting quality is achieved even in the absence of a yield response and should not be ignored
 The lack of yield response to seed dressings, and early applications of fungicide suggest that the disease is developing later in the canopy from this sowing date. Subsequent work will follow up this observation in 2021.

 The fungicide treatments were effective in reducing the incidence of foliar disease (namely Scald and Net From Net Blotch), prolonging green leaf area and significantly increasing yield at this site in 2020.
 In two susceptible cultivars a single spray application of Prosaro at GS31 increased grain yield on average by 0.62t/ha and shifting to a two-spray strategy with the addition of Radial at GS39-49 increased yield by 1.5t/ha. The addition of the seed treatment Systiva at sowing to this treatment did not further reduce disease infection levels or increase grain yield. These results highlight the later follow up application is likely to be more effective and important than fungicide usage prior to GS31.
 The yield responses observed from the two foliar spray strategies are correlated to both a reduction in Scald and Net Form Net Blotch but also an increase in green leaf area.
 Grain quality responses were significant, noticeably the later fungicide application increased test weight by 2kg/hL in RGT Planet.
 The benefits of maintaining a green leaf during grain fill are influencing grain quality in malting barley consistently across the high rainfall zone and even in the absence of a yield response should not be overlooked.

 There was limited visual disease symptoms at this site in 2020, however a significant yield response to fungicide was measured. Untreated achieved an average yield of 5.51t/ha.
 A single application of Folicur at GS31 increased yield by 0.35t/ha, and an additional application of Opus at GS39 – 49 did not offer any additional yield benefit.
 The treatment combining Systiva seed dressing, Folicur at GS31 and Radial at GS39-49 yielding 0.58t/ha higher than the untreated control but not significantly greater than the single application.
 The benefits of maintaining a green leaf during grain fill even in the absence of significant disease required further investigation.
 Later fungicide timings are consistently influencing grain quality in malting barley across the high rainfall zone and even in the absence of a yield response should not be overlooked.

 A low seed density of 100 seeds/m2 yielded 0.5 t/ha less than the current recommended rate for spring sown barley (300 seeds/m2)
 Seeding rates greater than 200 seeds/m2 up until 500 seeds/m2 did not result in additional yield or quality responses.
 Lodging was not exacerbated by higher seeding densities
 These results confirm growers can continue to target current recommended seed densities of 300 seeds/m2 for spring sown barley

• There was a significant interaction between variety and fungicide management on grain yield indicating that varieties responded differently to the application of fungicide.
• The more disease resistant winter feed wheats Tabasco, Anapurna and SFR86-090 were significantly higher yielding than other cultivars when left untreated with fungicide or when treated with only one unit of fungicide at flag leaf.
• In addition, the margin return with each of these varieties were maximised with one unit of fungicide applied at GS39 as opposed to four units of fungicide applied at seeding, GS31, GS39 and GS61.
• The dominant disease in the trial was Septoria tritici blotch (STB) with leaf rust also present through much of the season as a result of the earlier mid-April sowing.
• RGT Accroc suffered the greatest yield reduction when left untreated with fungicide with a 3.81t/ha yield reduction, in large part due to the leaf rust pressure.
• Much of the effect of fungicide application is observed in green leaf retention at flowering and grain fill (Figure 1 – 4) whether measured subjectively or using crop reflectance (NDVI).
• There is evidence that leaf rust susceptible cultivars such as RGT Accroc may have lost yield to leaf rust post flowering as at flowering (GS65) the flag leaf already showed 5% infection in the treatment that had four units of fungicide applied.
• The significance of late leaf rust development in a warmer November cannot be understated and may have taken yield from the more susceptible varieties in the GEM trial (Trial 3).

• The feed winter wheats SF Adagio, RGT Accroc and Anapurna were the only cultivars to break through the 9t/ha threshold.
• SF Adagio at 9.67 t/ha was significantly superior to all other cultivars with one fungicide applied (GS39 flag leaf emergence spray).
• There was a significant interaction between cultivar and fungicide management with the stripe rust and Septoria tritici blotch (STB) susceptible cultivars giving large yield responses to high input fungicide input (e.g. Trojan had a 6.83 t/ha response to controlling stripe rust, Revenue a 2.87 t/ha response to fungicide as a result of STB and leaf rust control).
• In contrast, the STB resistant varieties SF Adagio, Tabasco and Nighthawk gave less than 1 t/ha response to 4 units of fungicide over the untreated with no statistical yield difference between 1 and 4 fungicide units. STB levels at flag leaf were observed to be less than 5%.
• STB was the principal disease in the majority of varieties with the more resistant cultivars SF Adagio and Anapurna being the only varieties to deliver over 8t/ha when untreated with fungicide, however all cultivars including these two generated significantly more yield with fungicide.
• Unfortunately, Tabasco’s excellent STB resistance is combined with a phenology that is generally too long for a southern HRZ mainland environment.

• Systiva was less effective against Septoria (75% control) than stripe rust infection when assessed at flag leaf (GS39) but control was not complete.

• The feed winter wheats RGT Accroc and Anapurna significantly out yielded all other cultivars at all three levels of disease management and achieved over 10t/ha with fungicide input.
• There was a significant interaction between cultivar and fungicide management with the stripe rust susceptible cultivars Trojan and DS Bennett giving yield responses of 5.27 and 3.07 t/ha to a single flag leaf fungicide compared to less than a 1t/ha with the majority of cultivars.
• Septoria tritici blotch (STB) was the principal disease in untreated crops of Scepter and Beckom, whilst stripe rust was the main disease in Trojan, DS Bennett, Coolah, RGT Accroc and Catapult. Other cultivars were subject to low levels of both stripe rust and STB disease pressure.
• Only Trojan, Catapult, Coolah and DS Bennett gave significant yield increases to the application of four units of fungicide (seed treatment and three foliar fungicides) over a single flag spray.
• It was noted that compared to lower altitude locations stripe rust infection was relatively later at the Wallendbeen, NSW location (540m above sea level).
• Note of caution. At the southern Victorian location at Gnarwarre Trojan was almost completely defoliated in the lower canopy under the one spray regime compared to Wallendbeen and the 1 spray approach was little better than the untreated (both approaches yielding under 3t/ha).
• The significant interaction observed in grain yields was also apparent in the grain quality (test weights and screenings).

Maximum yields achieved in early sown spring cultivars was 8.24 and 7.77t/ha in high rainfall control cultivars RGT Planet and Rosalind, and other experimental spring lines topped 8.49t/ha.

Pixel a 6 row winter barley achieved 10.5t/ha, and 2 row winter cultivars achieved 9.2 and 9.4t/ha.  Defoliation to delay development did not improve yield in Rosalind and Planet.

Grain quality (table 3) of high yielding winter lines achieved malt specifications, whereas spring cultivars had lower test weights and higher grain screenings.
This is an exciting development in earlier sowing barley systems to achieve yields >10t/ha and suggests this sowing date is unsuited to current and experimental spring barley cultivars.

Head loss and lodging was minimal in this experiment.

RGT Planet and Rosalind both yielded 7.85 and 8.02t/ha respectively.

Minotaur and IGB1844 were the highest yield cultivars yielding 9.03t/ha and 9.33t/ha respectively.

Cultivars that had superior head retention yielded higher such as the erect plant type observed in IGB1844.

Water logging tolerant Planet yielded similar to Planet under non water logged conditions suggesting it has similar yield potential.

Fandaga barley yielded less than all other cultivars and appears unsuited to the peat soils around Millicent for the second season in a row.

Winter cultivars Cassiopee and Pixel yielded 6.73t/ha and 6.14t/ha respectively less than the best performing spring cultivars.

Cultivars differed in quality, protein levels were all above 11.8% and other grain quality parameters were within malt quality receival standards.

The highest yielding cultivar was RGT Planet at 10.84t/ha while many other spring cultivars yielded similarly including Rosalind.
Day length sensitive cultivars such as Laperouse and Minotaur yielded 8.24 and 9.65t/ha respectively.
The older cultivar Westminster 8.65t/ha is now significantly outclassed.
Laureate’s performance was lower than 2020 at 9.93t/ha in 2021, however this was likely due to increased Nitrogen and lodging which will be discussed in the G*E*M trial.
Other new variety commercial releases such as Fandaga yielded competitive with Planet.
Grain protein levels were all above 11% except for AGTB0244.

Significant variability in yields were likely due to frost events around flowering and some head loss.
Evidence of early flowering and grain fill cold stress is reflected in lower test weights.
Yields ranged from 5.5-7t/ha more exploration into the variability needs to be conducted and reliable conclusions cannot be established from the data.
Similar yields achieved between early and late flowering cultivars.

 RGT Accroc (13.4t/ha) continues to be the high yielding feed wheat to beat being statistically higher yielding than all other wheats except Beaufort (spring feed), GS-18-105-W, AGFWH004618 and Big Red.
 Amongst white wheats with potential quality LPB16-0598 is the standout cultivar going forward. Rockstar did not feature at this HYC location but was in Trial 1 for the first year and will feature in HYC Elite trials in 2022.
 SFR86-085 is the other variety worthy of note as a high yielding winter white wheat which progressed from HYC 1st stage screening last season to the Elite Screen in 2022. It has good disease resistance and standing power (see 2020 HYC wheat).

 The highest yielding spring cultivar at 9.76t/ha yielded similar to the control RGT Planet at 8.72t/ha while Rosalind was lower yield at 8.35t/ha
 The highest yielding 2 row and 6 row winter barley was Newton at 7.13t/ha and Pixel 7.43t/ha respectively (shaded green in table below).
 Proteins were in the range for malting however test weights were low suggesting some weather damage these ranged from 63.3 – 68.3 in spring cultivars, and 60.4 – 67.7 in winter cultivars.
 The phenology responses range from the earliest flowering in the spring cultivars Rosalind on the 11th September and Planet on the 19th September.
 Winter cultivars developed slower with the fastest winter being Urambie flowering on the 30 September through to the 17th October in Newton
 Despite flowering at a more optimum time for Millicent yields were lower from later flowering. This was due to a combination of reduced light limiting potential yield and head loss and lodging were the major causes of yield loss in the winter cultivars.

 The highest yielding spring cultivar was Laureate at 9.83t/ha yielded similar to the control RGT Planet at 9.58t/ha while Rosalind yielded 8.98 respectively.
 Despite being sown later the winter cultivar Cassiopee achieved 7.33t/ha
 Proteins were in the range for malting.
 Importantly test weights were higher at the second sowing date suggesting barley is better adapted to this position in the rotation. Testweights ranged from 64.5 – 70.7 all in the range for malting.
 In general yields were higher from the second sowing date. The data demonstrates that there are now cultivars capable of achieving similar yields to Planet with improved disease resistance (when combined with the disease data from stage 1 screen)

 Similar yields were achieved between the highest yielding spring and winter cultivars despite flowering a month apart and at a more optimum time for Gnarwarre. We postulate higher yields were not achieved from later flowering due to a combination of reduced light in October limiting potential yield (biomass) and increased incidence of lodging in the winter cultivars.
 The highest yielding spring cultivar was the quick spring cultivar control Rosalind at 8.33t/ha, while RGT Planet yielded 7.88t/ha.
 The highest yielding 2 row and 6 row winter barley was Newton at 8.37/ha and Pixel 8.48t/ha respectively (shaded green in table below).
 Proteins were in the range for malting however test weights were low particularly in the six row winter cultivars consistent with other sites. Test weights ranged from 63.6 – 68.0 in spring cultivars, and 55.8 – 67.4 in winter cultivars.

 Spring cultivars were significantly higher yielding than winter cultivars at this site in 2020. This was due to a dry winter and increased heat during grain fill relative to other hyper yielding environments. Fast spring cultivars achieved higher yields by accumulating more biomass and a higher harvest index
 The highest yielding spring cultivar was Laperouse a new release at 4.96t/ha and similar to the quick spring cultivar control Rosalind at 4.83 t/ha, while the other quick – mid control RGT Planet yielded similar at 4.63t/ha.
 The highest yielding winter barley was Urambie at 3.69 t/ha compared to slower developing winters all yielding less than 3t/ha. This suggests faster winter types are required for WA and will require a targeted breeding effort.
 Proteins were in the range for malting however test weights were less than 60 in all winter cultivars particularly in the six row winter cultivars consistent with other sites.

 The highest yielding spring cultivar in this experiment was Laureate at 11.42t/ha compared to the quick spring cultivar control Rosalind at 9.27 t/ha and RGT Planet yielded 10.43 t/ha.
 Yields achieved at this site were the highest across the hyper yielding program and shows the adaptation of barley to spring sown conditions in Tasmania. The long sunny days and cool grain fill conditions allowed for greater biomass accumulation and maintenance of grain weight.
 Alestar, Fathom, IGB1844, Laperouse, Rosalind and other photoperiod responsive cultivars yielded significantly lower (less than 9.5 t/ha) than the cultivars without a strong photoperiod requirement such as RGT Planet, Laureate, Hv8 Nitro, and the AGTB0244 line
 Grain proteins were greater than 12% and outside of malt specification, while testweight varied and in general the faster developing cultivars trended lower.
 At the time of this report final dry matters have yet to be calculated.

• For mid-April sowing dates at the SA Crop Technology Centre (CTC) it was the AGFWH004718, AGFWH004818 and AGFWH004618 that stood out with good agronomic characteristics and yields of 10t/ha or greater.
• The longer season UK wheats Reflection and Shabras also gave 10t/ha yields despite a phenology that meant that they were at the end of booting (GS49) in the period considered to be the optimum for flowering (GS61) based on the last two years sowing in mid-April.
• Reflection was the most interesting of the two with excellent disease resistance and standing power, however Shabras was similar but with more pronounced susceptibility to Septoria.

• Of those varieties that were just under 10t/ha that had good agronomic characteristics it was GS-18-105-W and SFR86-092 that exhibited good disease resistance.
• SFR86-071 was equally good under full fungicide protection but susceptible to both STB and leaf rust in the HYC 1st stage screen.

• Although set up as spatially separate trials (with some differences in varieties tested) the mean yield of the second time of sowing (12 May) was over 1t/ha higher yielding than the first time of sowing (17 April).
• At the second sowing nine varieties exceeded 10t/ha compared to only five varieties at the first time of sowing.
• A number of the winter wheat varieties exceeded 10t/ha at the mid May sowing with AGFWH004718 almost hitting 11t/ha.
• RGT Accroc which was subject to considerably less STB pressure than the first sowing date yielded 10.62t/ha compared to only 8.71t/ha when sown in mid-April.
• Although harvest dry matters were lower in 2020, the harvest index for RGT Accroc was 58% using a typical harvest dry matter (9.29/16t/ha at 0% moisture).
• At this sowing date the gap between the best feed wheat and milling wheat (Scepter) was approximately 2t/ha.
• Protein levels (11% plus in most varieties) and test weights would indicate that optimum yields were generated with the level of nitrogen applied (120kg N/ha).

• Other than the control Anapurna, five cultivars yielded in excess of 10t/ha these were LPB16-0598, SFR86-092, SFR86-071, AGFWH004418 and AGFWH004618.
• SFR86-092 exceeded 11t/ha.
• Many of these cultivars (where tested) have performed well in 1st stage screens.
• Despite stripe rust susceptibility and yellowing flecks over the canopy Catapult (mid – late spring AH in south eastern region) gave promising yields, and although they were not significantly better than Scepter its phenology is more suited to late April sowing.
• 138 kg N/ha plus 10N at sowing with a soil N reserve of 103.5kg N/ha (0-60cm) was sufficient to optimize yield at this site with an average protein content of 11.7% (range 10.4 – 13.9%).

 For the first time in HYC trials on the mainland, wheat yields exceeded 12t/ha at the SA Crop Technology Centre.
 With a softer finish than 2020, later developing northern European winter wheats fulfilled their yield potential for the first time at the SA research site at the April sowing date, with Reflection and Tabasco yielding over 12.5t/ha along with a coded
line AGTW005.
 Despite the HYC higher fungicide input, these two cultivars (Reflection and Tabasco) were noticeably more resistant to leaf rust in the lower Southeast SA environment.
 Of those cultivars that are commercially available in Australia, the winter feed wheat Big Red (AGFWH004718) was the highest cultivar in both 2020 (10.94t/ha) and 2021 (11.45t/ha) in April sown HYC trials.
 Although set up as spatially separate trials on the same research site, the winter feed wheat Anapurna gave higher yields sown on 12 May than on 21 April (11.87t/ha vs 11.30t/ha).
 With second sowing date on 12 May, Rockstar significantly outyielded all other spring milling cultivars, however its overall yield was approximately 2t/ha or 19% lower yielding than the feed wheat Anapurna sown at the same time.
 If Anapurna feed wheat was priced at $275/t then Rockstar would have required a $57/t premium to achieve the same margin using the yield differentials in the trial.
 With the earlier sowing where Big Red achieved 11.45t/ha, the premium necessary to match the output would have dropped to $45/t (assuming quality could have been achieved with the milling wheat).
 Protein levels (11% plus in most varieties) and test weights would indicate that optimum yields were generated with the level of nitrogen applied (120kg N/ha).

 The following yields should be considered in the context of maximum and minimum temperature during flowering and grain fill that were 4-5 degrees cooler than the long-term average.
 This resulted in longer season wheats originating from the UK (e.g. Reflection) producing yields of 10t/ha when normally the season would be too short for them to finish grain fill.
 In the NSW HYC Elite screen the recently commercialised red feed wheat from Europe Big Red (AGFWH004718) was significantly higher yielding than all other wheats in the Elite screen.
 Several winter feed wheat cultivars of European decent were in a group that yielded 10t/ha. Of these RGT Accroc was the fastest developing whilst Reflection, Shabras and Tabasco are likely to be too slow for a season with a harder finish.
 Beaufort spring feed wheat stood out amongst the spring germplasm being significantly superior to all other spring germplasm except BX7932-039, however its test weight was significantly poorer than all other cultivars tested.
 LPB16-0598 has been consistently higher yielding than LPB16-0582 and is a white wheat that is a longer season spring with intermediate resistance to stripe rust and STB noted at Wallendbeen. We await the grade classification.

Disease resistance of Pixel was far superior to Planet, management significantly influenced grain yield in the disease susceptible cultivar Planet.

RGT Planet responded the most to intensifying fungicide inputs achieving 3.98t/ha under standard inputs and 6.48t/ha under higher inputs. The addition of PGR and or more N did not further increase yield in Planet.

Madness a 2 row winter barley achieved yields in the range of 5.35 – 6.14t/ha across all management and demonstrates its improved disease resistance. There was no yield penalty from grazing.

Pixel a 6 row winter barley achieved yields in the range of 7.45 – 8.72t/ha across all management combinations. The addition of a PGR in both standard and high input systems resulted in the highest yields of 8.66 and 8.72t/ha.

The improved disease resistance of winter barley shows it can be farmed with less intensive fungicide strategies when early sowing, Planet is less suited to this system as the disease pressure is too high.

Tests weights and retention were lower, and screenings higher in Planet compared to the winter varieties which highlights the significant effect of disease (even under high inputs).

Proteins were all above 11% and suggests yield was non limited by N

Net form of Net Blotch was the main disease which affected up to 80% of the canopy in Planet under standard conditions.

Laureate and Rosalind had superior disease resistance to Net form of net blotch to Planet, this meant lower fungicide strategies could be used in Laureate and Rosalind.

The addition of PGR to Laureate increased yield from 6.63 under standard management to 8.11t/ha, and 7.88t/ha in the higher fungicide inputs.

Laureate was the highest yielding treatment in the yper yielding system at 8.87t/ha, compared to Rosalind at 8.11 and Planet at 8.28.

The Planet data highlights it requires less intensive management when sowing dates are later than April (compared to TOS 1 GEM).

The best managed treatments in Laureate, RGT Planet, Rosalind and the Wheat Zanzibar yielded 10.7, 10.7, 10.5, and 8.2t/ha respectively, highlighting spring sown barley out yieldsspring sown wheat by up to 2t/ha (table 1)
Increasing fungicide inputs had little impact on grain yield in the cultivars Rosalind, Laureate and the wheat Zanzibar – this highlights the robustness of spring sowing for disease management and the fact high yields can be achieved with cheaper (without the SDHIs) and less fungicide inputs than Autumn sowing.
Laureate: Canopy management was important in Laureate, lower nitrogen rates had a bigger influence on grain yield in Laureate than higher seeding and N rates due to increased lodging (figure 1)
o High seeding density (360 seeds/m2), and high N rate (140kg N) yielded 8.2t/ha,
o Lower density (150 seeds/m2) and low N rate (70 kg N/ha) yielded 10.3 t/ha.
Planet: Highest yields were achieved at higher plant densities and high fungicide inputs irrespective of N strategy, highlighting Planet is less disease resistant but more tolerant to lodging than Laureate.
Rosalind: Higher yields were achieved at higher plant densities irrespective of N and fungicide strategy, this highlights the importance of higher seeding densities in shorter faster developing cultivars under spring sown conditions.
Test weights, screenings, and retention were all with malt specifications despite the heat during grain fill. Grain proteins ranged from 10.6 – 11.5 at low N in the malt cultivars Laureate and Planet, whereas at high N they ranged from 11.3 – 12.4 and were above malt specification in Laureate (Table 3)

- RGT Planet and Rosalind were the only varieties to achieve yields of over 7t/ha.
- Crop canopy management treatments were significant and ranged from 5.77 through to 6.55t/ha
- Despite producing adequate biomass for higher yields, harvest indices at this site were low and the cause of this needs to be explored further.
- Two DMI fungicides were sufficient to control disease with no benefit of a higher input (including SDHI and QoI actives) fungicide regime.
- The largest spread in yields from management was observed in Planet highlighting the importance of management in this cultivar,This is consistent with other HYC data.
- Given the absence of significant yield loss to disease, lodging or head loss, the response to management treatments was generally insignificant, with increasing N from 126N to 219N showing the greatest benefit.
- Defoliation did not significantly reduce yields in Planet and Rosalind and highlights that delayed flowering and canopy management was potentially an advantage in 2021.
- There is evidence of higher grain screenings in the winter cultivars with screenings over 4%, whereas below 2% in the springs
- However, even with a wet and cool grain filling, the 2 row winter barley Madness tested in this trial matured too late and was not competitive for yield.
- Faster winter barleys are likely to be required for WA’s high rainfall zone, however the 6 row winter Pixel achieved similar yields to Laperouse in 2021, but less than Rosalind and Planet.

 Selecting the best varieties is important to achieve Hyperyielding canola:
o HyTTec Trifecta (TT), 45Y28 RR and Xseed Condor (Truflex) were the highest yielding cultivars at both High and Low input.
 Extra inputs can increase yield potential in Hyperyielding canola:
o High input management (extra fungicide and nitrogen) increased grain yield (compared to Low Input) by an average of 0.74 t/ha.
 The best cultivars also had the strongest response to increasing inputs:
o The three highest yielding cultivars, HyTTec Trifecta, 45Y28 RR and Xseed Condor, increased yield by >0.9 t/ha with High Input management, compared with an average yield increase of 0.6 t/ha for the other six varieties.
o The increase in yield was mostly due to extra nitrogen in the High Input treatment.
 Increasing inputs (nitrogen and fungicide) increased final (maturity) biomass and increased harvest index.
 High yielding varieties can also have high oil concentration:
o Xseed Condor and HyTTec Trifecta had the highest oil concentration, increasing their potential gross income.

 Increasing the input of fungicide and nitrogen increased grain yield in 7/9 varieties.
 45Y28 RR and Nuseed Diamond yielded > 3 t/ha with High Input management.
 Spring non-TT varieties including 45Y28 RR, NCH18Q421 (Xseed Condor) and Nuseed Diamond were the highest yielding group, 0.4 and 0.5 t/ha higher yielding than the Spring TT and Winter varieties, respectively.

 There was no overall effect of increasing crop inputs or an interaction between input and variety choice.
 There were however large differences in yield between cultivars with the winter cultivars and the spring Clearfield cultivars the standouts. This is especially important since all cultivars (with the exception of the open-pollinated ATR Wahoo) would have similar seed cost.
 The winter cultivars grew more than double the vegetative biomass than the spring cultivars; 40% more biomass by maturity and were twice as tall, but grain yield was the same as the best spring Clearfield cultivars.
 The differences between winter and spring varieties in this trial highlights the need for the development of cultivars somewhere between these two groups for Hyperyielding grains regions.
 To improve grain yield in this region, there will need to be an increase in harvest index of the winter cultivars or an increase in biomass of the spring cultivars.
 Spring cultivars that were fast to develop (e.g. Nuseed Diamond) or slow to grow biomass (TT) were severely penalised for grain yield and even a very high conversion of biomass to grain (e.g. HyTTec Trifecta grew 3.57 t/ha grain with 9 t/ha biomass at maturity) was not enough to make up for low biomass.

 Variety responses differed with canopy management consistent with other trials.
 Additional Nitrogen had a detrimental effect on yield in the winter cultivar Cassiopee when the canopy was not managed. While the application of a PGR increased yield in Rosalind and Planet was not responsive to canopy management
 Disease pressure was lower than in previous years and similar yields were achieved between the standard and higher input fungicide strategy in all cultivars.
 These results confirm the importance of variety choice and management, Planet was the highest yielding cultivar across all management regimes, however Rosalind was able to achieve similar yields when managed with a PGR. The data highlights the downside risk of winter cultivar Cassiopee and suggests it is not as well adapted to Millicent conditions were large canopies are unavoidable. An additional PGR application may be required for the winter cultivar.
 Defoliation did not result in a yield penalty in any cultivar highlight the application of barley for dual purpose use (grain and graze).

 In a season with a wetter than average growing season and timely rainfall, the fast-developing spring barley Rosalind significantly out yielded RGT Planet (7.80t/ha) and the slower developing winter barley Cassiopee (7.70t/ha).
 There were significant visual differences in disease protection between the standard and high fungicide inputs which translated to yield increases of 0.93t/ha in the most susceptible cultivar RGT Planet and 0.49t/ha in Rosalind respectively. This means they require a more robust fungicide strategy whereas cultivars with improved resistance such as Cassiopee achieved similar yields with the standard management.
 Extra N increased yields but only when significant canopy management was adopted, however the management strategy depended on cultivar. When extra N was applied the plant growth regulator intervention increased yield by 0.9t/ha in the winter cultivar Cassiopee but not in other cultivars RGT Planet and Rosalind. RGT Planet and Rosalind benefited from defoliation
and both yielded 0.7t/ha higher when defoliated an extra N was applied where as Cassiopee did not benefit from defoliation.
 Defoliation was more effective at reducing lodging than the PGR strategy in all cultivars.
 These results highlight the importance of canopy management to improve the crop structure in the higher rainfall zone to maximize the yield and benefit of inputs such as fungicide and nitrogen.

 With a decile 1 start (sowing – early August), barley following canola exceeded 6 t/ha with the fast-developing spring cultivar Rosalind significantly higher yielding than RGT Planet (6.5 v 6.0 t/ha) and the slower developing winter cultivar Cassiopee (3.77 t/ha).
 The highest yields at the site were observed with Rosalind grown under a full fungicide package based on Systiva and two foliar sprays (6.7 t/ha), despite low disease levels at early stem elongation.
 This higher fungicide input increased harvest dry matter and grain yield relative to a cheaper triazole based two spray programme (standard input) when averaged across all cultivars.
 There was no yield benefit of plant growth regulation in the trial.
 Mechanical defoliation at GS30 “simulating grazing” reduced grain yields on average by 0.29 t/ha relative to the ungrazed crop. The yield penalty was greater in the winter cultivar Cassiopee which reached GS30 later in the spring.
 An additional 50kg N/ha had no significant effect on yield irrespective of fungicide, variety, or defoliation.

 The influence of germplasm choice was greater than the influence of crop management. RGT Planet yielded 9.59t/ha, and Rosalind 8.29t/ha. The spring wheat Trojan yielded 8.79t/ha.
 Spring barley is well suited to this position in the crop rotation and is yielding higher than spring wheat at this sowing date, this is in contrast to autumn planted crops where wheat is superior to barley.
 Fungicide strategy was the only management strategy to significantly influence yield but this depended on cultivar. Moving from a standard management increased yield from 8.79t/ha to 9.67t/ha in RGT Planet, while there was no additional benefit in Rosalind and Trojan highlighting the importance of genetic resistance if lower input fungicide strategies are going to be used.
 Increasing N inputs upfront and moving a proportion of the N inputs towards tillering did not increase yield. Increasing seed density to 450 seeds/m2 also did not offer any additional benefit
 Dry matters and Harvest Index results are still being processed

• Winter feed wheats RGT Accroc and Anapurna were significantly higher yielding than all other cultivars tested giving yields over 10t/ha and a 2t/ha advantage over Scepter.
• The ASW wheat DS Bennett was significantly higher yielding than all other white wheat milling varieties.
• Of the AH classified wheats Nighthawk and Beckom were the highest yielding (mean of the three managements).
• There was a significant reduction in yield as a result of defoliation (simulated grazing) at GS30 when the results from all cultivars were averaged.
• Although there was some evidence that the different varieties responded to management differentially the interaction was not statistically significant (p=0.06).
• Dry matter (DM) contents at harvest ranged from 17 – 20t/ha with significantly higher DM accumulation in the longer season winter wheats such as RGT Accroc, Anapurna and DS Bennett compared to Scepter.
• Greater dry matter accumulation with the winter wheat up to GS30 was the result of a longer vegetative period that correlated to higher tiller number per unit area and tillers/plant.
• At harvest however although there were more heads/m2 with winter wheats they were not always significantly higher than spring wheats indicating greater tiller mortality in winter wheats compared to springs.
• In general, disease (principally Septoria and stripe rust) has been controlled by the two spray programme set out in standard management approach, however those varieties that tended to give higher yields at higher input (not significant) were in general the more susceptible.
• The increased nutrition (18kg N/ha and 25kg S/ha) and PGR applied with the high input approach did not generate any notable yield gains.
• In those cultivars that lodged (Gregory, Catapult, Beckom and Trojan) there was no indication that the PGR application reduced lodging, although there were significant positive effects from grazing on standing power.
• Protein levels averaged just 11% and indicated that yields were optimised at the level of N application.
• Harvest indices for winter wheats were in general closer to 37-40% compared to higher yielding spring wheats that were closer to 45%.

 Winter feed wheats RGT Cesario, RGT Accroc and Anapurna were significantly higher yielding than all other cultivars tested giving yields over 11t/ha and a 3t/ha plus advantage over Scepter.
 The ASW wheat DS Bennett was significantly higher yielding than all other white wheat milling varieties exceeding 10t/ha but required higher input to achieve these yields.
 There was a significant (p=<0.001) interaction between management level and cultivar, indicating that influence of management was different when applied to the germplasm tested in this environment.
 Of the spring wheats Catapult and Scepter were the highest yielding when the mean of the three managements were considered.
 There was a significant reduction in yield as a result of defoliation (simulated grazing) at GS30 when the results from all cultivars were averaged, however the reduction was not apparent in DS Bennett, Scepter and Trojan. The reduction was greatest with latest
developing cultivar RGT Cesario (1.2t/ha).
 Although yield was unaffected by defoliation, Trojan and Scepter suffered a down grade in bin grade due to lowered grain protein, indicating that higher N input was required to replace N removed in the defoliation.
 All cultivars gave a yield response to high input management with a range 0.42 - 1.78t/ha, DS Bennett being the most responsive to higher input and RGT Cesario being the least responsive.
 Dry matter (DM) contents at harvest ranged from 16 – 24t/ha with significantly higher DM accumulation in the longer season winter wheats such as RGT Accroc, Anapurna and RGT Cesario compared to Scepter.
 Greater dry matter accumulation with the winter wheat up to GS30 was the result of a longer vegetative period that correlated to higher tiller number per unit area and tillers/plant.
 In general, disease (principally Septoria and stripe rust) has been controlled by the two-spray program set out in standard management approach, however those varieties that tended to give higher yields at higher input were in general the more susceptible cultivars.
 In those cultivars that lodged (Catapult, DS Bennett, Scepter and Trojan), both PGR and grazing reduced plot lodging compared to standard management without PGR.
 DS Bennett was most profitable across all management input levels. Spring wheats were most profitable under the high input management.
 The application of PGR’s significantly reduced crop height in all cultivars. DS Bennett was the only cultivar where grazing had a bigger effect on crop height than PGR’s.
 Protein levels averaged just 12% and indicated that yields were optimised at the level of N application. Grazing significantly reduced grain protein by 0.8% on average.
 Harvest indices for the higher yielding winter wheats were in general around 41% compared to spring wheats that averaged around 35%.

 The trial produced the highest yields since 2016 when HYC yields exceeded 16t/ha at the research centre.
 Four varieties yielded in excess of 14.5t/ha with Cesario under high input (five fungicide units, 260 kg N/ha and split PGR) topping the yields with 15.2t/ha. RGT Accroc and Big Red under the same input were slightly lower yielding than 15t/ha.
 The superior disease resistance (primarily STB and leaf rust) exhibited by Big Red and RGT Cesario resulted in superior yields under standard input compared to the more disease susceptible RGT Accroc and Anapurna.
 There was significant interaction between cultivar and management (p=0.039) meaning that cultivars responded differently to the three management levels applied.
 Although it was not always statistically significant mechanical defoliation “grazing” reduced the yield of the winter wheats relative to the standard management input. However with the earlier developing spring wheats there was no difference in performance.
 It should be noted that in part the reduction in yield with the winter wheats might have been partially offset by adding more nitrogen post grazing.
 Both Scepter and Trojan gave significant yield increases in response to higher input, principally associated with additional fungicide.

 Grain protein levels indicated that levels of N fertiliser applied did not need to be increased from 200 to 260kg N/ha as only Tabasco had a protein level below 10.3%.
 Influence of fungicide input was most evident in Trojan, particularly with regard to test weight.

 Winter type cultivars outyielded the spring cultivars by 3.3 to 4.9t/ha across all levels of input management. Winter red feed wheat Anapurna significantly outyielded all other cultivars except RGT Cesario.
 The response to higher input (PGR, 4 units of fungicide, additional N) was greatest with RGT Accroc (4.38t/ha) which was greater than Anapurna (2.17t/ha) > Calabro (2.03t/ha) > Big Red (1.94t/ha) > RGT Cesario (1.17t/ha).
 The rank order of these responses to higher input primarily aligns with susceptibility to Septoria tritici blotch (STB) and leaf rust susceptibility so it would appear that fungicide input was an important aspect of the higher input (4 units vs 2 units).
 There was no significant interaction of cultivar and management observed in this trial, meaning that all varieties responded roughly the same to the different management levers, with all varieties responding to the high input strategy.
 Cesario was the only cultivar to achieve >10 t/ha in all three management strategies (grazed, standard and high input) and was the most resistant to disease.
 In addition, Cesario was the only cultivar to accumulate statistically similar levels of total dry matter at harvest in the grazed compared to the high input strategy, which likely led to it being the only cultivar to achieve 10t/ha grain yield in the grazed strategy.
 Anapurna maintained % grain protein (>13%) across all management strategies. This was also achieved in the spring milling cultivar Trojan, whilst the other spring milling cultivar, Scepter, achieved significantly higher protein (≥14.4%) in the Standard and High Input strategies than all other cultivars and strategies.
 11t/ha grain yields were observed in varieties that achieved over 20t/ha dry matters at harvest.
 

• The awnless feed wheat SFR86-090 (RGT Cesario) was the top yielding variety under high input management at 9.88t/ha, however its yield was not significantly different to the winter varieties Anapurna and Tabasco.
• Unlike SFR86-090, Anapurna and Tabasco gave no significant reduction in yield when input level was reduced to standard input (120N, 2 Fungicide units, no PGR) from high (160N, 4 Fungicide units and 2 PGRs).
• Protein levels of 11 – 11.6% for most feed wheats indicated that yields were maximised at 120N with no need to go to 160N in the high N input.
• The sowing date was too early for the spring wheat germplasm (Trojan and Scepter) which developed too quickly (flowering 22-25 September) even when defoliated (simulated grazing).
• Defoliation at GS30 resulted in greater dry matter offtake with later developing cultivars, Tabasco giving over 2100kg/ha with defoliation on 25 August, compared to RGT Accroc which produced 1340kg/ha from 7 August defoliation.
• In contrast to previous seasons, there was little yield penalty for defoliation observed in the high yielding winter wheats compared to standard and high input, a possible indication that yield potential at standard and higher input was restricted.
• There were a number of factors that were the possible causes but warmer than average temperatures in November, leaf rust pressure, later army worm and low-level crown rot could have been factors.
• The dominant foliar diseases in the trial were Septoria tritici blotch (STB) with leaf rust also a significant disease. Late stripe rust was also observed in the trial, particularly in Trojan.
• In terms of yield potential, elevated temperatures in early November may have limited yield potential, but local commercial yields were higher and Tabasco with its late flowering (1st December) was still one of the highest yielding cultivars.
• With the exception of Tabasco the highest yielding cultivars flowered in the last 10 days of October, the period traditionally associated with the highest yields from this mid-April sowing date over the last three years at the SA CTC.

• There was a significant interaction between variety and management on grain yield with Anapurna, Nighthawk, Beaufort and Cobra giving statistically similar yields under the three management regimes (low, standard, high).
• In contrast, cultivars such as Zanzibar (spring feed wheat), gave almost 2.5t/ha yield increase as input moved from lower input to higher input.
• The winter wheat Anapurna and spring wheat Zanzibar grown under a high input regime (three fungicides, 160kg N and PGR) were the only varieties to yield over 10t/ha, with Anapurna topping the yields at 10.6t/ha.
• Unlike Zanzibar, Anapurna maintained yields over 9t/ha when grown under reduced management strategies primarily as a result of significantly better disease resistance.
• The dominant disease was Septoria tritici blotch (STB) with leaf rust present throughout the season and a late stripe rust infection evident in susceptible varieties.
• Varieties giving over a 1.4t/ha increase in yield when grown under higher input compared to low input were Zanzibar, RGT Accroc and Catapult.
• All protein levels were 11% or above therefore it was concluded that grain yield was not compromised by lack of nitrogen supply (soil & fertiliser).
• Of the newer milling wheat options Rockstar outperformed Catapult and the controls of Scepter and Trojan, a difference that was significant when inputs were reduced under the low input management approach.
• Harvest dry matters varied from approximately 14 – 18t/ha compared to 13 – 19.5t/ha at the first sowing date (excluding defoliation treatments at the first sowing date).

• The winter feed wheat RGT Accroc (awned) was significantly higher yielding under all managements compared to other varieties tested and exceeded 10t/ha under high input management.
• In general, grazing (mechanical defoliation at GS30) had less impact on yield with faster developing cultivars which reached GS30 earlier in the season (e.g. Scepter, Nighthawk, RGT Accroc and DS Bennett) compared to the slower developing wheats (e.g. RGT Calabro, Tabasco and Manning).
• Septoria tritici blotch (STB) was the principal disease in the majority of varieties, however the varieties subject to stripe rust infection, Trojan and Scepter, saw the biggest improvement in yield (2.95t/ha and 1.63t/ha respectively) associated with greater fungicide input under the high management approach.
• Tabasco, a slow developing winter wheat from northern Europe with good disease resistance and standing power was significantly higher yielding under the standard input management compared to the high input management regime giving no yield response to additional fungicide, N or PGR input.
• Scepter under high input management was the highest yielding (9.03t/ha) quality milling wheat and was 13.4% lower yielding than the highest yielding feed wheat (10.42t/ha).
• Above ground dry matter available for grazing varied from 150kg/ha with the spring wheats to over 2000 kg/ha with the long season winter wheats.

 Winter red feed wheat Anapurna yielded significantly higher (2.0t/ha plus) than the spring milling cultivars planted in mid-May, but showed no significant yield difference in response to the three management levels applied.
 Rockstar (>9 t/ha) yielded significantly more than the other spring milling cultivars tested, all of which yielded less than 8t/ha when averaged over the three management levels.
 Although no significant differences were observed, protein content of all cultivars across the three management strategies were >13% except Anapurna under the standard management.
 There were no significant differences in harvest dry matter between the low input high seeding rate and high input management strategies.
 Higher grain yields with Anapurna correlated to significantly higher dry matter (approximately 20t/ha)
 Rockstar milling wheat was significantly higher yielding than other spring wheats with a trend for higher harvest dry matter compared to other milling wheats.

The10 kg N treatment yielded significantly higher than all other treatments except 50kg N, and was the only treatment to yield >8 t/ha.
Yield declined with additional Nitrogen.
10 units of N achieved 8.21t/ha and 290kg N achieved 7.27t/ha, this yield decline was not
due to haying off but due to excessive biomass production early in the season resulting in
lodging and brackling.
Protein levels were above 11.8% in all treatments and suggests N was not limiting yield in all
treatments.
Other grain quality parameters were not influenced by N.

 Nutrition treatments had no effect on harvest dry matter, grain yield, test weight or screenings.
 Based on the grain protein and yield of the unfertilised plots which received 100kg/ha MAP (10N), the unfertilised plots removed 225kg N/ha from the soil for the N present in the grain.
 If it is assumed that 75% of the N in the canopy resides in the grain with 25% in the straw and chaff, then it is assumed the crop removed 299kg N/ha from the soil to grow the crop.
 The trial indicated that additional N, P and K applied in this trial did not increase yield with a trend (not significant) for N application to reduce grain yield and harvest dry matter.
 With grain protein at 12.5% in the unfertilised plots there was a significant increase in protein when 150 – 240N was applied.
 Although not significant, the 0N and 120N treatments were the only treatments to achieve grain yield >10 t/ha.

Planet harvested on time yielded 4.79t/ha and 1t less at 3.75 when harvest was delayed by 21 days.

Pixel yielded 9.25t/ha when harvested on time, and 2t less when harvest was delayed by 21 days at 7.37t/ha.

PGRs had a significant impact on plant architecture, however there was minimal lodging in this experiment.

PGR yield responses were variable but never yielded lower than untreated when harvest was delayed.

This highlights the differences in yield loss to head loss and shattering in different cultivars and suggests harvest logistics are likely to be more effective than PGRs in managing yield losses.

A single application of a PGR Moddus @GS31 did not reduce height in Pixel and Planet despite significantly reducing the first internode height demonstrating some evidence of bounce back.

A two-spray approach of a PGR Moddus @GS31 and Moddus @GS39 significantly reduced height from 108cm to 99cm in Pixel, and from 85cm to 80cm in Planet.

A two-spray approach of a PGR Moddus @GS31 and Ethephon @GS39 significantly reduced height similar to the Moddus combination.

Peduncle length was shortened from 25.6 to 21.8cm in Pixel, and from 21.4 to 16.7cm in Planet when the second application of a Moddus PGR was applied at GS39, the ethephon PGR reduced peduncle length to a greater degree down to 19.8cm in pixel, and 11.9cm in Planet.

RGT Planet yielded higher (7.03t/ha) than Buff (5.34t/ha).
Harvest timing had a significant effect on grain yield reducing yield by 1t/ha in both Planet and Buff with a 12 day after harvest ripe.
Moddus applied at GS31 only, and the combination of 200ml/ha at GS31 and GS37, yielded similar to the treatment which included Ethephon at GS49.
All PGR timings yielded similar to untreated irrespective of harvest date, however this has not been the case in previous experiments. In previous seasons harvest delays of greater than 14 days has resulted in greater yield losses in untreated plots compared to PGR
treatments.

 When harvested on time RGT Planet achieved a grain yield of 8.8 t/ha significantly higher than the winter cultivar Cassiopee at 6.6 t/ha.
 Delaying harvest timing by 3 weeks resulted in a significant yield penalty of 2.2 t/ha and 1.7t/ha in RGT Planet and Cassiopee respectively. This highlights the importance of harvesting barley in a timely manner.
 Applications of PGRs did not increase yield when harvest was delayed at this site in 2020. A significant weather event occurred prior to the timing of harvest in the ‘on time’ treatments which may have masked some of the treatment effects.

 RGT Planet achieved a grain yield of 8.3 t/ha significantly higher than the winter cultivar Cassiopee at 8.0 t/ha when harvested on time.
 Untreated (without PGR) and harvested on time achieved an average yield of 7.89t/ha and delaying harvest by three weeks yielded 0.47t/ha less at 7.42t/ha due to headloss. PGR’s increased yield on average irrespective of harvest date and enable growers more time to manage harvest logistics with limited downside risk. The two-spray strategy of a PGR at G31 followed by a second application at GS37 – 49 yielded significantly higher at 8.32t/ha when harvested on time, and did not suffer a yield penalty when harvest three weeks later.
 Irrespective of harvest date the PGR had the largest effect in Cassiopee and the use of a single PGR at GS31 increased yield by 0.5t/ha compared to untreated. This application benefit was primarily due to reducing lodging, the addition of a second application at GS37 did not further increase yield, however when the GS31 application was combined with a later application at GS49 yield increased 1.45t/ha due to the added head loss control.
 There wasn’t any significant yield difference across all treatments in RGT Planet relative to the untreated control. While there was consistently 5 – 10 heads/m2 on the ground from delaying harvest in RGT Planet, these were not enough to influence yield.
 The pressure on head loss was less at this site in 2020 compared to other hyper yielding centers highlights under moderate head loss pressure RGT planet is unlikely to benefit from PGR applications while winter cultivars will require them.
 These results require further validation in 2021 but have demonstrated there is little downside risk with the use of PGRs in the higher rainfall zone. This works well for farm logistics and the timings of a PGR application at GS31 and later application could also be combined with the most effective fungicide timings.

 Buff achieved a grain yield of 6.29 t/ha significantly higher than RGT Planet at 5.85 t/ha when harvested on time.
 Harvest logistics and cultivar choice was the major factors influencing yield losses due to a delay in harvest. Buff suffered a 1.83t/ha yield penalty from delaying harvest by 3 weeks, and RGT Planet 1.07t/ha.
 Despite large yield losses to delaying harvest, plant growth regulators (PGRs) applied at all three timings did not offer any yield advantage in both cultivars whether harvested on time or when harvest was delayed. This is important because growers can have confidence in higher head loss risk areas that yield potential is unlikely to be compromised by PGR applications.
 Current recommendations to growers are to ensure timely harvest and to choose cultivars with improved head retention. Yields were lower than expected in 2020 and the additional benefits of PGR application for lodging and brackling control were not observed in this experiment.
 The use of PGRs for head loss control requires further development in 2021 but these and other center results have demonstrated there is little downside risk with the use of PGRs in the higher rainfall zone and a GS31 and later application could be combined with the most effective fungicide timings.

Yield began to decline under seeding rates less than 160 seeds/m2.
Increasing seeding rates up to 300 seeds m2 did not further improve yield.
These results confirm that seeding densities should remain above 150 seeds/m2 in barley in the HRZ.

Despite high yields and a 14 day delay in harvest further yield losses and a higher incidences of brackling, lodging, and headloss did not occur from later harvest.
Irrespective of harvest timing PGRs increased yield in Rosalind by 0.5t/ha across all timings, were as yields were the same in Planet (Table 2).
Brackling and Lodging responses to PGRs were variable and not consistent.
Later applications od PGRs reduced headloss in both cultivars, however numbers were low and too insignificant to reduce yield.

 RGT Planet achieved a grain yield of 9.57 t/ha significantly higher than Rosalind at 8.37t/ha.

 Delaying harvest had little impact on grain yield and were similar to crops harvested on time

 Despite a lack of response to a harvest delay, plant growth regulators still had a positive influence on yield but only when they were applied in a split treatment at GS31 and either GS37 or GS49. PGR applied at GS31 achieved a yield of 8.8t/ha and when applied in a split treatment achieved yields of 9.2t/ha

 These results require further validation in 2021 but have demonstrated there is little downside trade off with the use of PGRs in the higher rainfall zone and a GS31 and later application could be combined with the most effective fungicide timings.

 45Y95 CL was the highest yielding cultivar in the CLF trial with a yield of 6.51t/ha.
 Hyola Blazer TT was the highest yielding cultivar in the TT trial with a yield of 6.59t/ha.
 In the conventional trial, Quartz was higher yielding than the two European spring cultivars.
 There was some shattering caused by a storm close to harvest. Generally, cultivars with the highest yield had low shattering scores.
 There was less of an impact of lodging on yield, with some of the higher yielding cultivars also being scored high for lodging.

There was no statistical difference in the grain yield of the glyphosate tolerant varieties, with a trial mean yield of 4.42t/ha.
 45Y95 CL was the highest yielding variety in the Clearfield trial with a yield of 5.5t/ha. Average yield of the Clearfield trial was 4.81t/ha.
 Only two cultivars were sown in the conventional trial with the European cultivar AGFCA014720 yielding 0.74t/ha more than Quartz. Mean yield of the Conventional trial was 4.4t/ha.
 There was no statistical difference in yield of the TT trial, with a mean yield of 4.37t/ha.
 Average protein of the four trials was 21%, meaning there was an average of 33.6kg/ha nitrogen removed per tonne of grain.
 Seed size was large overall, with an average of 5.05 grams/1000 seeds.
 There were differences in oil concentration with PS-21XC318 having highest oil in the glyphosate trial; PS-CL21211 highest in the CLF trial and ATR Wahoo and HyTTec Trifecta highest in the TT trial.

 The screen trials were conducted to identify new commercial cultivars with suitability for high yielding environments.
 45Y93 CL was the highest yielding cultivar in the CLF trial but there were no statistical differences in yield in the RR/Truflex and TT trials.
 Trial mean yield was 3.82, 3.75 and 3.35t/ha in the CLF, RR/Truflex and TT trials respectively.
 Significant difference in oil content between the varieties in the CLF, RR/Truflex and TT groups.

 Diamond was the fastest cultivar to flowering, nine days faster than ADV Galaxy and 38 days faster than the slowest cultivar ADV Magnificent.
 The optimum flowering date for this environment is late August/early September, which suited high yielding mid-season cultivars such as Nuseed Quartz, HyTTec Trifecta, 45Y93 CL, 45Y28 RR, NCH18Q551 and AN20RR002.
 The highest yield was from the unreleased Nuseed cultivar NCH18Q551 with 5.61 t/ha, 0.93 t/ha higher yielding than the highest winter variety.
 The average yield of each herbicide tolerance group was:
o Conventional – 4.70 t/ha
o Triazine tolerant (including CLF + TT) – 4.46 t/ha
o Clearfield (including Truflex + Clearfield) – 4.60 t/ha
o RR/Truflex – 5.20 t/ha.
 This highlights the very-high yield potential of the RR/Truflex group and suitability for HYC environments. NCH18Q551 also had the highest oil concentration, the only cultivar >50%.
 The overall oil yield of the highest yielding treatment NCH18Q551 was 2.82 t/ha, 34% more than the lowest yielding cultivar, Nuseed Diamond. This highlights the importance of cultivar choice for Hyperyielding environments.

 Diamond was clearly the fastest cultivar but there were several grouped together at the slower end including the commercial cultivars SF Ignite TT, ATR Wahoo and 45Y25 RR.
 Four cultivars, including ADV Equinox, ADV Galaxy, NCH18Q421 (now Xseed Condor) and AN20RR002 achieved grain yield > 4 t/ha, compared with none in the winter screen trial.

 The mid-maturity cultivars 45Y93 CL, 45Y91 CL and Nuseed Quartz were the highest yielding cultivars. These cultivars all had at least average oil concentration.
 Average grain yield of the spring screen was 3.28 t/ha compared with 4.14 t/ha in the winter screen. Only one of 16 spring cultivars achieved 4 t/ha grain yield compared with 7/9 in the winter screen.
 The conventional and Clearfield cultivars were on average 0.4 and 0.5 t/ha (13 and 16%) higher yielding than the triazine tolerant cultivars, highlighting the fitness penalty that comes with triazine tolerance.
 Many of the lowest yielding cultivars also had very low oil, reducing profitability further.

 45Y95 CL was the standout variety in this trial with a mean yield (across treatments) of 6.43t/ha. This was 78% higher yielding than the open pollinated ATR Wahoo.
 45Y95 CL grew very high biomass (18.65 t/ha) and had a high harvest index (0.36). It is rare to have such a high conversion of biomass to grain (HI) at such a high biomass level and is a fundamental driver of achieving hyper yields.
 45Y95 CL had a high number of seeds per pod as well as a high number of pods/m². This compares to ATR Wahoo which had a high number of seeds/pod but a low number of pods/m²; and Condor TF which had a high number of pods/m², but a relatively low number of seeds/pod.
 The High Input Management was higher yielding than both the Low and Medium Input management. The yield increased compared to Medium Input which suggests that this was driven by disease control; however it was difficult to ascertain which disease was causing yield loss. Fungicide reduced disease levels, but most diseases were at a low level including
sclerotinia.
 The RR/Truflex cultivars 45Y28 RR and Condor TF had the highest oil concentration with 48.8 and 48.3% respectively.
 Protein averaged 20.3%, meaning that 32.4kg/ha N was harvested per tonne of grain harvested.
 There was no effect of management on any of the grain quality parameters.

 45Y28 RR was the standout variety in this trial, with yield close to 5t/ha with High Input Management. Overall, it was 0.6t/ha higher yielding than the next best cultivar, HyTTec Trifecta.
 There was an overall yield increase of 0.33t/ha with High Input management compared with Low Input management.
 45Y28 RR had the highest biomass (at maturity) and the highest harvest index.
 Disease levels were low and there was no difference between treatments.
 Condor TF had the highest oil concentration, 2.1% higher than 45Y28 RR.
 There was no effect of management on any of the grain quality parameters.
 Protein averaged 21.8%, 4.4% higher than the Winter GEM trial. On average, an extra 7kg of N was removed in the Spring GEM per tonne of grain, compared with the winter GEM.

 Hybrid RR/Truflex canola (45Y28 RR and Condor TF) produced a higher yield than TT canola (HyTTec Trifecta and ATR Wahoo) but there was no difference in oil between groups with an average of 48%.
 Condor TF was the highest yielding in the RR/Truflex group and HyTTec Trifecta was higher yielding than ATR Wahoo in the TT group.
 Harvest index was high (average 0.36) but there was no difference between cultivars.
 Blackleg crown canker infection was reduced with increasing fungicide input, being the lowest in the high input treatment where Saltro Duo was applied to seed and Prosaro was applied at the 6-leaf stage. Despite this, there was no effect of input level on grain yield.
 There was minimal presence of upper canopy blackleg and sclerotinia stem rot.

 There were no significant differences in grain yield as result of grazing Trojan at GS30 but yield was reduced when grazing was delayed to GS32 (second node).
 There was evidence of frost in the ungrazed plots indicating that the slightly earlier flowering period in the ungrazed was not disadvantaged which can often be the case when spring wheat is sown in mid-late April.
 The delayed grazing strategy (GS32) resulted in lower grain yield and higher screenings, however there was an increase in grain protein content.
 Grazing late at GS32 resulted in an increase in grain protein and correlates to the lower yield in this treatment.

• All defoliation treatments reduced grain yield relative to the “ungrazed” crop except the light graze treatment in Trojan.
• Those defoliation treatments that removed larger amounts of dry matter at stem elongation (GS30-32) invariably reduced grain yield more.
• The concept of “resetting” Trojan at GS32 was unsuccessful in maintaining or increasing yield.
• In Trojan “light grazing” (as opposed to hard grazing) did not reduce grain yield and was the only treatment that showed canopy compensation by flowering (GS61) when assessed by canopy reflectance (NDVI).
• With Trojan “light grazing” at GS30 which removed only 240kg/ha on July 7 increased margins by the value of the grazing $60/ha plus a small increase in grain output (not significant) of $53/ha.

• All defoliation treatments reduced grain yield relative to the ungrazed crop except the “light graze” GS30 treatment in Trojan and the tillering defoliation (GS23) in RGT Accroc.
• Those defoliation treatments that removed larger amounts of dry matter at stem elongation (GS30-32) invariably reduced grain yield more.
• The concept of resetting Trojan at GS32 was unsuccessful in maintaining or increasing yield from a late April sow date. In addition, the undefoliated crop was not affected by frost.
• In Trojan both “light grazing” and “hard grazing” did not reduce yield with all treatments showing canopy compensation by flowering when assessed by canopy reflectance.
• With Trojan at 25 cents/kg dry matter and $300/t for grain the light grazing was the only treatment to produce a similar margin to the ungrazed control.
• In RGT Accroc where grazing was later than planned (and past the cut off of GS30) GS31 defoliation produced large dry matter offtakes and large reductions in grain yield but at the prices chosen would have been more profitable than the ungrazed control.
• The most profitable crop was the RGT Accroc defoliated at the end of tillering (GS29) which gave yields equal to the ungrazed and 3200 kg/ha dry matter removed.

• All defoliation treatments applied post GS30 reduced grain yield relative to the ungrazed and crops grazed at GS30.
• Although shorter grazing (hard grazing) produced more dry matter and gave slightly larger reductions in grain yield than light grazing, the differences were not statistically significant.
• With later grazing dates, due to a longer vegetative period, dry matter offtakes were significantly greater with RGT Accroc than with Trojan.
• The concept of “resetting Trojan” at GS32 was unsuccessful in terms of grain yield with a 22 April sown crop in the absence of any frost events.
• The development stage of grazing and degree of grazing (hard or light) were well correlated to preventing crop lodging due to reduced crop height and in some cases significantly less harvest dry matter.
• Unless the crop was reset with defoliation post GS30 at GS32 there was little noticeable difference in flowering date, although as would be expected RGT Accroc flowered later than Trojan.

 There were large differences in the standability of the canola cultivars at this site. The winter canola got very tall (some cultivars ~210 cm) before lodging, partly due driven by the very high fertility of the paddock.
 The cultivars with the least lodging included RGT Nizza CL, SF-056-CL and AGFCA014120.
 AGFCA014120 was the highest yielding (grain only) cultivar, significantly higher than most other commercial cultivars including Hyola Feast CL, Hyola 970CL and RGT Nizza. CL.
 AGFCA014120 also had the highest oil concentration.
 Highly vigorous cultivars such as Hyola Feast CL are likely better suited to dual purpose canola production rather than grain only.

 There was no statistical difference in grain yield of the 12 cultivars with an average yield of 4.01t/ha.
 Oil concentration was highest from AGFCA014120 with 48.7%. The trial average was 46.9%.
 There was a range of 9 days from the start of flowering of the quickest winter cultivars - Hyola Feast CL and CL214103, and the slowest cultivar, SF65-056-CL.

 There is a gradual shift earlier in flowering date with new cultivars, with the recently released Phoenix CL, SF Nizza CL and now Hyola Feast CL (CL82005) all being at least five days faster to flower than the industry benchmark Hyola 970CL.
 The fastest winter was still however 19 days slower to flower than the slowest spring cultivar, highlighting the need for local breeding to fill this space.
 CL82005 (now Hyola Feast CL) was the highest yielding variety and had the highest oil concentration. It will form a major part of HYC canola trial programs in coming seasons.
 The mean yield of the winter screen of 4.04 t/ha was 0.74 t/ha below the mean yield of the spring screen. The flowering date of the winter cultivars was later than ideal for the region, whereas the spring cultivars can flower close to the optimum flowering date (late August-early September).

 CL82005, now released as Hyola Feast CL was the highest yielding cultivar, with a yield of 3.99 t/ha.
 Hyola Feast CL was > 0.6 t/ha higher yielding than the two other most popular winter canola cultivars in the trial, Edimax CL and Hyola 970CL.
 There were subtle differences between the oil concentration cultivars, but not to the magnitude of the differences in grain yield.

 There was no difference in grain yield or oil concentration in the nine winter cultivars in this trial.
 Seed size was highest in Edimax CL and CL210004, and lowest in CL82003 and CL82005.
 CL82005 has since been released as Hyola Feast CL.

 Hyola Feast CL was 0.5t/ha higher yielding than Hyola 970CL (averaged across treatments).
 The high input management was higher yielding than both the Low and Medium management.
 The trial was badly lodged. Like the winter screen trial, lodging was worse in Hyola Feast CL than Hyola 970CL (data not shown).
 Lodging made the trial difficult to score for disease but there was infection of sclerotinia stem rot that was reduced by the late Prosaro in the High input management (more data available on fungicide response in winter disease management trial).

 There was no difference in the yield of Hyola Feast CL and Hyola 970CL in this trial and no impact of increasing crop inputs.
 Oil of Hyola Feast CL was higher than Hyola 970CL but Hyola Feast CL had smaller seed.
 Average protein was 17.4%, meaning only 27.4kg of nitrogen was removed with every tonne of grain.
 

 Hyola Feast CL yielded more than Hyola 970 CL and had higher oil content, likely because it flowered 10 days earlier than Hyola 970 CL.
 No yield difference between the fungicide management schemes.
 No interaction between variety and fungicide management and nitrogen rate.
 Neither blackleg nor sclerotinia disease infection was observed in this trial.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for findings.

• Hyola 404RR and Hyola 505RR show their adaptation to the medium or higher rainfall districts of Victoria and ability to have the highest yields and oil %s assisted with excellent blackleg resistance.
• Hyols 474CL and Hyola 575CL performed well against competitor Clearfield hybrids along with providing improved oil %s and stability.
• Most of the hybrids evaluated significantly out-yeilded the OP Clearfield variety 43C80.
• Hyola 555TT, Crusher TT, Thumper TT and Jackpot TT show good adaptation and ability to have some of the highest yields for the Western District of Victoria.

Overall the site experienced low starting rainfall with staggered plant emergence and then with further rainfall plot populations were within 75 to 85% of targeted plants/m2. All pests and diseases were controlled to an acceptably high level.

Full laboratory analysis of all samples has not been completed, but some interesting data have already emerged.

Experiments were conducted in a commercial lentil crop (2006) in a paddock considered representative of the southern Mallee region of Victoria (McCellands Jil Jil East). The study identified that seasonal variations in the spatial pattern for grain yield were explained principally by differences in the ‘effective plant available water’ (ePAW) rather than differences in nitrogen supply. ePAW was considered to be related to both the textural properties of the surface soil (eg. small rainfall events at the season break are more effective in coarser textured soils than in clay soils) and the presence of physio-chemical in the subsoil, which can limit crop access to stored water.

• Nodulation and shoot dry matter in medics is depressed by poor phosphorus (P) nutrition and in-crop application of certain herbicides.
• Applying P when establishing a medic pasture boosts shoot and root dry matter and improves root health.
• The timing of application of certain herbicides can have an important effect on maximum shoot dry matter.
• High soil nitrogen levels can reduce nodulation in medic pastures.

• Growers should be aware that the application of certain broad-leaved herbicides can result in a reduction in shoot dry matter of medic pastures.
• Application of a full label rate of Agritone 750 (late) resulted in the largest reduction of shoot dry matter.
• Applying P to a soil with low P reserves when establishing a medic pasture boosts shoot and root dry matter, improves root health and improves N fixation.
• Growers should also be aware that the use of herbicides can reduce nodulation and N2- fixation in medic pastures.

• Applying phosphorus to a soil with low P reserves when establishing a medic pasture boosts shoot and root dry matter, improves root health and improves N fixation.
• The addition of urea at seeding can reduce nodulation in medic pastures.
• Residues of the herbicide Logran can severely stunt medic growth.
• Applying a full label rate of Agritone 750 (late) decreases pasture production and N fixation in actively growing pastures.
• Any management practice that reduces medic biomass will reduce N fixation, such as the late application of certain herbicides, eg Agritone 750.
• In a dry growing season when medic plants are already moisture stressed, herbicides will have little impact on medic production and N fixation.
• Regardless of seasonal conditions, the management of newly established medic pastures with regard to herbicides and nutrition, appears to have no impact on the yield and protein levels of the wheat crop in the following year.

The HRZ of south-eatsern Australia has a high yield potential but for this potenial to be realised, new traits will need to be introduced. Important traits are likely to include high seed numbers per pod, drought tolerance during flowering and seed development and good blackleg resistance. Further testing of germplasm under a wider range of conditions will be needed to verify findings and develop cultivars adapted to the region. 

This demonstration has shown that there are many tools available to help farmers identify paddock zones. In this case, the farmer was easily able to identify roughly each zone, however from the yield map it is apparent that using the yield maps, to get those zones 100%, slight changes were required. There was little advantage in applying fertiliser in any of the zones, however, emergence issues may have confounded some of these responses. Both P tests (Colwell and DGT) indicated that Zone 2 was responsive to P. There appeared to be a slight increase in yield to P. This was indicated visually during the season, though the difference was thought to be greater and unlikely to be significant. Most importantly, this demonstration has highlighted that you don’t need to invest heavily to practice PA and VR. The farmer identified 80-90% of the variation with the help of other tools. Those tools will prove very important when the zones as less pronounced or in paddocks that have been recently acquired.

• VBHT805 is an inidazolinone tolerant barley variety in the final stages of evaluation and commercialisation.
• VBHT805 could be a useful tool for managing Group B soil residual herbicide carryover for improved grass weed control in intensive cereal rotations.

• Yield of PBA Ace and PBA Jumbo2 (the only two imidazilinone or IMI-sensitive varieties evaluated) was reduced by 70%–80% from applying imazethapyr.
• PBA Hurricane XT and PBA Herald XT are the only current commercial IMI-tolerant varieties. PBA Hurricane XT is better adapted, producing more dry matter and grain yield than PBA Herald XT in southern NSW.
• CIPAL1422 is a promising advanced Coordinated Improvement Program for Australian Lentils (CIPAL) breeding line with high grain yield. It is very IMI-tolerant, and tall and bulky with late maturity.
• Advanced breeding lines are equal to, or better than, PBA Ace and PBA Jumbo2 in southern NSW. They bring additional features such as herbicide tolerance, extra bulk and height, and a wider range of maturity.
• IMI herbicide tolerance will expand weed-control options in lentil, which is a poorly competitive crop with a limited number of registered herbicides.
• These new varieties, coupled with new technologies, demonstrate considerable potential for expanding lentils across the better class of acidic, red-brown soils of southern NSW

• The trial was sown into dry soil on the 11th May. This trial was indicative of many lupin crops within the West Midlands region in 2010, with establishment and weed control issues. Establishment was inconsistent across the trial site with seasonal conditions, non-wetting soil and rhizoctonia root rot contributing to uneven plant numbers and poor growth within some plots. Herbicide management of weeds, particularly ryegrass, was less effective than expected, resulting in high weed burdens, especially in plots with poor lupin establishment.
• Anthracnose was introduced into plots 4 weeks after sowing but warm dry weather following introduction of infection and long dry spells during the growing season reduced disease development.
• Disease assessments at crop maturity indicated that despite high levels of inoculum being introduced only low levels of disease were present within the trial and differences between varieties were not statistically significant. Approximately 10% of the moderately susceptible Jenabillup plants suffered stem infection, the resistant variety Tanjil and resistant breeding lines had between 2-4% of plants with stem infection. Pod infection levels were low across the trial due to dry weather during podding.
• Due to uneven establishment, variable soil moisture, root disease and weed burden, individual plot yields varied from 0.5 t/ha to 2 t/ha across the site (average 1.4 t/ha), however neither variety nor anthracnose infection significantly affected yield.
• In seasons with good rainfall, anthracnose can be a yield constraint for lupin production in the high-medium rainfall regions of the northern agricultural region (particularly in areas with abundant blue lupins); the anthracnose resistance in current advanced breeding lines will reduce disease development and yield loss.