• The flowering time response of varieties was influenced by sowing time. 
• Managing a varieties sowing time to target flowering within a flowering window is one tool to manage risk of reduced yield reduction and frost damage risks. 
• The estimated flowering window in the northern districts is August 16th to September 9th.  Early maturing varieties such as Emu Rock, Bonnie Rock, Supreme and Westonia achieve 50% flowering before August 18th when sown on May the 9th
• Mid –long maturing varieties such as Calingiri, Cutlass and Zen, flowered after September 9th when sown on the 2nd of June.
• Mace wheat is a parent of Scepter, and both are considered mid-long maturing wheats.  However, the development of Scepter wheat at the trial site in 2016 was longer than Mace.  Scepter reached the start of flowering approximately 6 days after Mace when sown in either May and June.  It yielded similarly to Mace at the first sowing time but significantly better at the second sowing time.
• The cooler temperatures and the higher rainfall have benefited production of the longer maturing wheats which have some adaptation for the northern region. 

• Deep ripping enabled the crop to access about an extra 40kg of soil N/ha.
• The crop was as responsive to Flexi-N after deep ripping.
• There was no yield penalty from delaying Flexi-N application until the end of tillering. Deep ripping and Flexi-N were very profitable at this site.  

• Deep ripping was very worth while at this site but had not effet of lowering crop requirements for N in this situation.
• Nitrogen requirements may have been lower after deep ripping if there had been more organic N to mineralise (say after a lupin crop) and/or the soil had higher mineralised N levels that were subjected to more leaching pressure.
• After deep ripping, high N inputs may be more effective delyaed until late tillering. 

• 2015 - Plots with-out lime were consistently lower yeilding than plots with lime irrespective of incorporation treatment. Threatments with incorporation tended to have higher yield than where lime is left on the surface.
• 2014 - sowing setup remains the weakest link when using deep tillage. Depth of sowing is critical and fifficult to control on ameliorated soils. A good establishment density is critcal for reducing erosion potential at both ends of the season.

• Ripping to 550mm increased yeild in the deep pale sand (Dune) and yellow loamy sand (swale).
• Topsoil slotting, with soil inclusion plates attached to the rear of deep ripper tines, can increase yeild from deep sandy soils more than by deeper ripping alone.
• Deeper ripping with topsoil slotting also helped lessen grain losses from dry and hot spring weather.
• If slotting maintains the de-compaction response longer it will provide very good returnson investment.   

• Calingiri did not respond to K and N fertilizer application as strong as the new noodle wheat varieties Supreme and Zen.

• N Calculator recommendation was accurate for 9 weeks after sowing (WAS) application with additional nitrogen not increasing yeild. The recommendation was slightly below optimumfor 7 WAS.
• Achieving close to the target 10.5% protein indicates that recommended N rates were utilised to optimise growth and yeild and application of N was not deficient or excessive.
• This provides confidence to incorporate the use of N Gauges and the N-calculator to assist in making N application decisions to wheat crops during the season based on the growth status of the crop.
• Summit will continue further testing of the N Calculator under differedt seasonal consitions in the noerthern Wheatbelt and the effect if timining of NVDI assessment and N-Calculator recommendations on yield response to in season N applications.  

• Seeding rate had a bigger impact on wheat establishment than soil wetting agents
• High seeding rates on soils with low yield potential were sometimes a disadvantage; optimal seeding rates would need to account for yield potential as well as the degress of soil water repellence.
• Delaying sowing providing an opprtunity to get a knockdown of weeds was important on water repellent soils where staggered weed germination and reduced herbicide activity, reduces the efficacy of in-crop and pre-emergent applications. 

• Plant emergence was greatest in the offest disc treatment and lowest in the mouldboard plough treatments. Depth of sowing is critical and difficult to control on soil ameliorated soils.

• There was no statistical increase in yeild with the addition of CoRoN at GS31.

Low rainfall limited yield and subsoil compation was identified as a major constraint at this site.

See attached report for results.

Potassium levels are low in this soil and this site should have been responsive to applied potassium, however due to seasonal and soil conditions there where no differences between treatments in this trial. The very dry June-August had a marked impact on crop growth, particularly tillering. This can be seen by the lack of differences in the head counts taken in September. Very hot conditions in early August also affected flowering in wheat and limited any response in grain yeild with later rains. Soil penetrometer readings in the paddock near the trial site showed hard pan and this in conjunction with the pH and Aluminium levels below 10cm would have restricted root growth and limited the wheat plants ability to access soil miosture at depth during the dry winter period. Without yield responses to applied treatments, crop return decreased as fertiliser rates increased.

• Hot weather for 3 weeks in August impacted the range of results that could be expected. Yellow spot was quite evident early in many of the plots, with the treatments claiming to have some protection (Systiva)

• Qualitative research suggests that the results seem significant, however quantitative findings with an L.S.D of 0.169 suggest otherwise.

See attached report for results and discussion.

• In 2013 in Binnu , Mace was the highest yielding variety what sown on wheat stubble.
• Nitrogen application didn't influence grain yield (t/ha) but did influence protein and grain weight (kg/hL).
• Fungicide application reduced disease levels, which resulted in yield increases.
• Adequate nitrogen is not an alternative to fungicide but an additional measure to make plants less vulnerable to disease.

Magenta yeilded higher than Mace in Both seeding systems.

• Single row yielded higher than twin row at Binnu, also looked much healthier (better) through-out the season. This has not been a consistent observation in other research trials. Likely cause is poor P nutrition due to fertiliser placemnt in twin row and low P site.
• Increasing seeding rates reduced the yield potential of Magenta. In contrast, plant desities of 150 plants/m2 were the most productive for Mace.

• Cobra responded very well to a one off graze over a period of 14 days with an application of 10L of CoRoN giving an increase of 350kg/ha. 

• Plant testing should be used as a guide to better K fertiliser decisions.

Early control of radish in both Terbyne pre-emergent plots showed great promise and gave enough early control and timento get back to spray post emergent applications with applications of Velocity or Jaguar contolling next to 100% of wild radish.

• Emu rock is well suited as a replacement for Bonnie Rock in lower rainfall areas.

• There were no significant responses to Flexi-N. There was little scorch when Flexi- was applied on its own but there was severe scorch with the wetter (Superscharge).
• Site variability meant the effects oof Scorch could not be quantified.

• Plant analysis indicated marginal potassium (K) status in July. Although there were visual responses to K during the season, there were no yield or grain quality responses.
• Grain protein was low which suggests that Nitrogen (N) supply may have limited responses to K.

• From soil tests we knew that P was going to be the limiting factor.
• This trial shows that there is no substitue for keeping your P rates up. For example a ~$90/ha investment achieved a return of $483/ha.
• It also show the importance of soil testing.
• Plant analysis did not show any improvement in P uptake from either product enhancer and neither of these'enhancers' improved crop yeilds.

• There was no significant difference netween any of the treatments.

• Root development on all treatments showed an improvement over the control.
• There was no difference in leave developments between the treatments and the control.
• Calcinit provided the best return on investment with a $131 increase/ha over the untreated control and a $62 increase/ha over the Calbud.

• Sakura performed well against other herbicides.