• The early growth of the sub-tropical grasses (panic grass, Rhodes grass) was slow and they appeared to have cold stress.  The seedlings were cold stress with all three TOS and they took a while to recover.
• An interesting observation was that the surrounding paddock was sown to a sub-tropical grass mix (Gatton panic and Rhodes grass) just before the 3rd time of sowing, however the early growth of the perennial seedlings in the paddock was superior to the small plot trials.  Gatton panic is apomictic (i.e. all plants are essentially clones), so any difference must be due to the environment.  In this case, the markedly stronger early growth and less cold damage maybe due to the improved nutrition from the fertilizer applied at seeding. 
• To evaluate whether there was a nutrient deficiency an application of fertilizer - 150 kg/ha of DAP plus 100 kg/ha of MOP was applied to half of each rep in mid-December in a split plot design.  Subsequently there has been little rainfall, so no opportunity to measure a response.
• By mid-February there was not a substantial difference between the three times of sowing for Rhodes grass and Gatton panic which makes sense as in effect the sub-tropical grasses all emerged in early to mid-September for all three TOS.  The only species to emerge in any numbers before the third TOS was perennial veldt grass. However, by mid-February about 35-40% of the veldt grass plants had died and many more plants were highly stressed and may die over summer –autumn.  Sowing veldt grass in late winter – early spring with the sub-tropical grasses may not work in that persistence over summer may be poor.  Perennial veldt grass is a C3 so does not have the same soil temperature requirements as the sub-tropical grasses (C4).  An autumn sowing may be more successful for veldt grass.
• The results from the TOS at Eneabba in 2012 suggest little or no advantage in early sowing of sub-tropical grasses in early August.  The optimum sowing window appears to be late August with more flexibility with Rhodes grass than Gatton panic for early sowing. 

• Plant densities varied with seed rate, time of planting and variety.
• Quinilock showed the greatest response in protein level to delayed planting time.

• Glasshouse experiments and field experiments in South Australia and Victoria were conducted to examine wheat tolerance to heast stress as related to zinc nutrition.
• The results showed that good zinc nutrition could preserve membrane integrity and photosynthesis during heat stress.
• Supplementary zinc nutrition was shown to increase canopy cooling through evaporation.
• The field and glasshouse experiments showed that the combinaiton of heat stress and poor zinc nutrition were more damaging when they occurred together.
• Zinc sufficient plants had higher quality grain (glutenin:gladin) and better bread making qualities.

• Studies examined the interaction between Zn nutrition and heat stress on the photosynthetic activity and grain yield of wheat plants under both field and growth room conditions.
• The Zn inefficient cultivar Goldmark was found to have an improved chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv/Fm), a measure of injury to photosynthesis, under heat stress when supplied with elevated levels of Zn compared to plants where less Zn was applied.
• However supplementary Zn did not prevent a decline in kernel weight or grain yield under high temperature conditions.
• The results indicate that supplementary Zn nutrition, in a Zn inefficient genotype at least, can provide thermotolerance to the photosynthetic apparatus of wheat.

• We examined the interaction between zinc nutrition and heat stress on the photosynthetic activity and grain yield of wheat plants under both field and growth room conditions.
• The zinc inefficient cultivar Goldmark was found to have an improved chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv/Fm), a measure of injury to photosynthesis, under heat stress when supplied with elevated levels of zinc compared to plants where less zinc was applied.
• However supplementary zinc did not prevent a decline in kernel weight or grain yield under high temperature conditions.
• The results indicate that supplementary zinc nutrition, in a zinc inefficient genotype at least, can provide thermotolerance to the photosynthetic apparatus of wheat.

Sowing into moist soil improved crop emergence compared to dry soil, but did not increase yield.

Under low and variable ryegrass pressure, herbicides did not reduce overall ryegrass density, but did reduce inter-row ryegrass density.

There was no difference in efficacy between the 1.5L/ha and 3.0L/ha of TriflurX®.

• Fungicides with different active ingredients had similar efficacy.
• Timing application was the most important factor in reducing sclerotinia stem rot development.
• Disease levels were reduced across all treatments, in particular at 30% bloom and the multiple applications at both 30% and 50% bloom stages.
• Yield increases were observed across all treatments, regardless of the fungicide’s active ingredients.

• Zinc oxide fertilisers had lower solubility and dissolution than zinc sulphates.
• Zinc oxide was as effective as zinc sulphate if it was mixed with the soil but not when banded near the seed.
• Zinc sulphate would be preferable to zinc oxide in no-till systems where fertiliser is banded.

• Nitrous oxide losses following rainfall from a wheat crop sown into vetch stubble that was terminated in various ways in the previous year were low: ~ 1.5 g N/ha/day or less.

Although the N2O emissions did not seem to correlate with the rate of N fertilizer applied the demonstration did clearly show that despite extremely wet conditions at and soon after application N2O emissions are still relatively low (less than 10%) compared to irrigation sites. These emissions are likely to be well above average in this soil and rainfall indicating the emissions from N2O in these cropping systems is relatively insignificant. The demonstration will be conducted again in 2014 using several rates of Non a single soil type to get a clearerpicture of the variation in emissions.

• The levels of resistance reported are from targeted problem ryegrass paddocks and are not a true indication of the area's overall resistance status.
• There is a high level of ryegrass resistance to 'fop' chemicals in these tests.

• EM38 is a valuable component in building variable rate technology (VRT) maps.
• Yield maps record what happens, not why it happens.
• EM38 mapping aids understanding of plant available water.
• Soil testing is essential for good decision making for different zones.

• In 2013, newer varieties of medic (Sultan-SU), vetch (RM1 an Timok) and forage pea (PBA Hayman) when cut at the same time (different stages between maturities) performed better or equally as well in forage values as previously used varieties.
• Choose forage legume varieties to suit your paddock system needs.
• Consider group B herbicide tolerance, disease and aphid resistance, the type of seed (hard or soft) and growing season length of newer varieties to suit grazing, hay and/or seed production.

• Pulse crops can suffer from root diseases.
• Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has potentially identified multiple pathogens of economic significance on South Australian (SA) crops — further work needs to determine which are the most important.
• Intensification of pulses in cropping rotations can increase pulse soilborne diseases.
• If you suspect soilborne disease issues in your pulse crops, send samples to SARDI.
   

• High operational speed reduced sowing depth of both disc and tyne openers.
• Counts of unsprayed (nil) annual ryegrass were greater for the tyne machine than the disc seeder at 8km/h and 14km/h.
• Within the applied herbicide treatments herbicide efficacy was fairly high. 
• all standing stubble and poor seed placement at 8km/h and 10km/h by the tyne machine severely affected crop establishment.
• At 14km/h the discs ability to penetrate the soil was greatly reduced, impacting sowing depth.
• Barley yields were higher for the disc sown treatments than the tyne sown treatments.

• Trial work with Southern Farming Systems over the past four years has demonstrated significant improvements in nitrogen efficiency from applying ENTEC treated urea to wheat crops, compared to untreated urea.
• The experiment this year showed no response to nitrogen, but did highlight some important tools for predicting the liklihood of nitrogen response.

• The trial showed up to a five-fold increase in dry matter at DC41 when 20 kg/ha of phosphorus was applied. This translated into a doubling of yield, despite waterlogging and stripe rust at the site.
• A low rate of P (5 kg/ha) did not provide a statistically significant yield response while higher rates (10 and 20 kg/ha) did.
• Soils continue to be highly responsirve to phosphorus even at higher Colwell P levels.
• There is some evidence of adequate phosphorus nutrition improving grain quality (screenings) through earlier maturity.

• Phosphorus rates of 10 and 20 kg/ha applied in various straight, compound, coated and liquid fertiliser forms were not found to result in any significant responses in grain yield or quality.
• Results were impacted by the failure to control a population of herbicide-resistant annual ryegrass at this trial site using both pre- and post-em herbicide options, resulting in a high variability between plot measurement.

Five different stubble additives were applied to standing stubble: commercial digestor with and without microbes, a Uni of Tas experimental brew with and without a sticker and ammonium thiosulphate. While there was a significant increase in fungal colonisation for some of the treatments there was no significant difference in the amount of stubble dry matter after 6 months i.e. the rate of stubble breakdown was comparable between all treatments. Differences in digestibility and fibre will be further evaluated.

A fertiliser additive was applied to standing stubble and compared with untreated stubble. The fertiliser additive was applied with and without a sticker or molasses. There was no significant difference in the amount of stubble dry matter remaining after 6 months i.e. the rate of stubble breakdown was comparable between all treatments. Similarly there were no consistent effects on feed and chemical
characteristics. Addition of nutrients and molasses did not improve intake by grazing sheep.

• Farmscapes can be redesigned to incorporate a mixture of perennial shrubs as an addition to the existing feedbase, offering multiple benefits for mixed farming systems in low rainfall areas.
• Perennial shrubs complement rather than compete with cropping and can contribute to whole-farm profitability and sustainability.
• Developing a mixed stand of perennial shrubs is the best way of balancing establishment risk, survival, growth and livestock utilisation

• Trials of potential new fodder shrub species at Minnipa and Piednippie have shown generally strong establishment and early growth.

• Establishment and growth to date have been good.
• Low survival rates for some species appear to be consistent with that seen at other trial sites.
• Monitoring will continue, and information on responses to grazing will be available in due course.

• Best response with eNtrench was seen when applied early and IBS
• Highest yielding treatment was with 100L UAN applied at GS16
• No significant difference was found in protein results
• This is a difficult product to demonstrate using small plots as the benefit of nitrogen stabilisers is often shown improving the average result over a complete paddock.

• Perennial pastures have allowed our stock to express their genetic potential even in dry years and to meaningfully measure their traits. However we hope that the introduced perennial grasses, as good as they are, will only be a short term measure until desirable native grass and forb species replace them.

A combination of fertiliser inputs and irrigation can rapidly breakdownincorporated cereal stubble and allow sowing 4 weeks later. Getting the balance of fertiliser, in particular N rates, to ensure rapid breakdown, but creating neither N deficiency or excessive N remains elusive.

Measuring soil organic carbon following incorporation is giving mixed results as to the ability to increase soil OC via incorporation with fertiliser

Burning the stubble gave greater yield and oil content

• In 2017 the removal of a high barley stubble load resulted in better medic plant numbers late in the season (September), and increased (but still very low) dry matter production.
• Heavy barley stubbles from harvesting either high or low resulted in similar medic regeneration.
• Treating heavy barley stubbles with either rolling, a light tickle or left standing did not change medic establishment or dry matter production in 2017.

There were no differences in medic regeneration in wheat stubbles either harvested at two heights, left standing or rolled.

• Applying 20 kg/ha of phosphorus (P) increased grain yield and protein content above a replacement P rate, however there was little economic benefit from the extra P on either a deep or a shallow constrained soil in 2009.

• What are host farmers thoughts?

- The trial gave the Sparkman’s the knowledge that this method of regenerating salt land pastures was not effective and that clay seed ball dispersal by air would not be feasibly.
- How are farmers going to plant in these areas in the future?
- With less salt affected sites the clay seed ball method could work. The clay seed ball seeds germinated under Greenhouse conditions so that there is a possibility of germination in more favourable conditions.

• What is the prospect of clay ball seeding in the future?

- Clay ball seeding has been effectively used in the MurrayDarling river system pre the 2000 drought (ABC Landline story) and near Geraldton to grow Tagasaste on non wetting soils (personal communication - RH Logue).
- However the clay seed ball method may work with less salt affected sites.
This trial showed that regenerating salt land pastures by this method was not effective on the harsh sites at the Sparkman property.

• Bambatsi Panic and Rhodes grass have good drought tolerance but maintaining a high plant density has proved difficult.
• Due to low rainfall seasons, more drought tolerant species are required on the site hence planting the saltbush alleys.
• Salinity varies over the site and therefore so does the ground cover, species composition and FOO.
• Roly-poly control can be achieved by spraying with 2,4-D Ester ad Garlon and rolling.

The knifepoint plus press wheel seeding system consistently maximised wheat seedling establishment on sand and clay soils, independently of herbicide application.

The following report provides a handy technique for estimating pasture legume seed reserves in paddocks. The method involves simulating the season's break by watering an area of ground and counting the subsequent germinating of medic or sub clover plants.

• Although there was a very late break to the season, cooler conditions through September and
• October maintained good yields.
• Yield varied from 0.83 - 2.13t/ha. Yarrum, Kaspa and Parafield were the highest yielding varieties.
• There was no significant difference between seeding rates, except for 16 plants/m2 which yielded significantly less than the other seeding rates. There were not enough plants to compensate for yield in the short season.

• There was no significant difference in wheat yields following different pulse crops in 2004.
• The short season limited the potential differences being expressed.

Although there was a very late break to the season, cooler conditions through September and October
maintained good yields. There was a long period during flowering in October where no significant rainfall
fell. This limited yield potential and caused quite variable results. Annuello (at 3.0t/ha) (mid season
maturity), Whistler (at 3.0t/ha) (winter wheat) and Ventura (2.9t/ha) (short season maturity) were the highest
yielding varieties. While the long season varieties (like Rosella and Arrivato) were the lowest yielding

• The highest yielding pulse in 2003 at Euabalong was field peas, followed by lupins and then vetch.
• All pulse crop gross margins were negative, reflecting the cost of seed, the cost of herbicides and the effect of drought on grain production.

Further work will be done analysing results when the new CWFS Research Coordinator commences duty in May 2002.

• Loose smut in barley is internally seed borne so if you are seeing infected heads then it means your grain souce was contaminated. It is the hardest of the smut diseases to control because it is an internally seed borne infection and most current seed treatments are not as effective on internally seed borne diseases.
• EverGol Prime has excellent local systemicity, being able to move across the seed wall and into the seed. It is an excellent option for control of loose smut.
• The applicaiton of Sakura into barley was not successful with the APVMA. Therefore we will not review the results as this component of the trial in regard to the interactions with pre-emergent herbicides.

• All treatments met Hindmarsh food grade parameters although loose smut was not tested for, which may have excluded the untreated from delivery due to its levels of infection.
• There was no significant difference in yield between treatments.

• Field peas have proven to be the most reliable pulse option on the upper Eyre Peninsula with yields remaining the most stable across seasons.
• Under favourable conditions there is potential for alternative pulse crops to be successful.
• Paddock selection, soil type, time of sowing, pulse agronomy, marketing and storage options all need careful consideration when looking at growing alternative pulse crops.
• New varietal options offer earlier maturity as well as improvements in harvestability, disease resistance and herbicide tolerance over older commercial standards, aiding production and profitability.
• Higher value alternatives, such as lentils, may be a high risk option and pulse crops better suited to the region could still prove to be the most profitable option in the long term.

• Production of alternative pulse options to field pea in low rainfall regions has potential to be successful under favourable seasonal conditions providing essential production criteria are met.
• Some new varietal options offer earlier maturity as well as improvements in harvestability, disease resistance and herbicide tolerance over older commercial standards, aiding production and profitability.
• Field peas have proven to be a reliable option on the upper Eyre Peninsula and are likely to be a lower risk and more profitable option in seasonal conditions that are less favourable for alternative pulse options.
• Chickpeas are generally less suited to many cropping regions of South Australia, and with a change in the ascochyta blight pathogen growers need to carefully consider their risk to AB infection and ability to effectively control the disease, including in low rainfall regions.

• This and other research demonstrates that it is possible to improve crop establishment and productivity on water repellent soils using modified furrow sowing techniques.
• Banded wetting agents are helpful with early dry or partially dry sowing before opening rains but show less benefit later in the sowing program when there has already been rain and the soil has started to wet up more (see Banded wetting agent paper WMG 2012 research annual). In very erodible conditions with high wind erosion risk the use of this strategy may be safer than the options with winged points or boots due to less soil disturbance and release of root anchorage for existing plant cover. Optimal wetting agents for WMG areas still need identification.
• Winged points and winged-paired row systems perform better than knife points under certain soil conditions but the benefits are variable and in some sowing conditions may provide little benefit. Further research is required. Winged points look most attractive when shallow moist soil can be ‘delved’ to the seed zone to provide early establishment (as in the winged knife point on the gravelly sand with shallow moisture).
• Simple approaches like sowing next to or at a shallow angle across the previous year’s crop row and broadcast spreading a portion of the seed in front of the seeding tynes are relatively simple approaches that can provide establishment benefits.
•  

Leaf rust assessments on this trial have shown that Epoxiconazole at 375 ml/ha had the best response in this trial. The Powdery Mildew infection level were very low but there still was some response. A late application of Propiconazole at Z45 was the best performer with 0.47% infection of Powdery Mildew. Tilt Xtra (Propiconazole + Cyproconazole) was the second best result with 0.73% infection.

There was no difference between nitrogen treatments for grain yield and all grain quality parameters except for TGW (thousand grain weight). The very dry year had an effect with limited moisture available to assist in nitrogen uptake at growth stage 31, when all N was applied.

Good establishment and weed control is more important than varietal selection for productivity and persistence of lucerne • There was no significant difference in establishment or biomass production between lucerne varieties in 2007 and 2008 • This trial will continue in 2009 to further evaluate persistence and productivity

The aim of the trial was to investigate the use of variable rate liquid & urea applications and their impacts on yield & grain protein. The liquid N application of 120l/ha achieved 2.8T/ha yield and increased protein to 13% which was $199/ha higher return than the 120kg/ha of Urea treatment. The 120kg/ha Urea treatment yielded 2.6t/ha and was graded as H2 because of a protein level of 12.6%. In this case it was economic to use the liquid N rate of 120l/ha. There were no other economic impacts from this trial work.

We focussed on measuring paddock variability rather than implementing an actual variable rate trial. Soil pH mapping proved to be a valuable step towards variable rate lime with significant variability found, pH(CaCl2) varying from 4.0 to 7.1 across a 50ha paddock. A variable rate management approach to pH on this paddock would deliver a 75% saving of lime.

• Selecting wheat varieties with stripe rust resistance (rating 7-8) is the most effective form of managing the disease, however the limited number of varieties with the combination of desirable agronomic traits and sufficient resistance will see the continued need for fungicide control strategies
• Yields of H45 (very susceptible to stripe rust) were maximised by keeping the crop free from disease until flag emergence and, most critically in high yielding situations, following up with a foliar fungicide.

The dry September limited yields at this site, yields were about on par with the district, there was no difference between treatments at flowering or at any stage of growth. Available soil sulphur (S) at sowing was 55 kg/ha (taken to a depth of 35cm) and with a yield of 1.5 t/ha maximum, only 38kg S was required for the crop. This crop had enough soil sulphur already supplied before additional sulphur was applied.

This trial has not been able to add to our understanding as to how much sulphur can be applied as elemental sulphur as there was not a response to sulphur. So when working from a maintenance perspective there is no problem with 100% elemental sulphur in the form we have applied.

None of these trials have given a clear sulphur (S) response irrespective of form even though some had quite low soil sulphur levels. This indicates that elemental sulphur is quite a suitable sulphur source especially where it is for maintenance sulphur requirements as appears to be the case in all of Hi Ferts trials.

In a barley trial where the principal diseases were leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), foliar fungicide application increased yield by between 0.36 – 1.75 t/ha, taking the untreated yield from 2.79 t/ha to a maximum of 4.54 t/ha.

• A single slug baiting was ineffective at controlling slug populations.
• Direct drilling into a heavy cereal stubble from a previous crop can result in significant slug damage to canola, even with a single baiting.
• Cereal stubble removal by burning, will significantly reduce the amount of slug damage.
• Cultivation prior to sowing will have a positive effect on reducing slug numbers and damage to canola.
• An integrated pest management approach is required to control slugs effectively. Each treatment alone does not adequately control slug populations.

There has been widespread use of continuous cereal in the Mallee over the past decade, and with many drought years throughout this period fertiliser inputs have generally been greater than crop demand. As a consequence, soil phosphoruslevels are often well above the critical level. By identifying soils and conditions where continuous cereal systems perform best and where inputs can be most effectively targeted, there is an opportunity to reduce input costs and increase profitability. This trial used PA methods to identify soil types for targeted soil sampling to achieve a greater understanding of soil phosphorus levels in different soil zones. Yield mapping was then used to identify if and where fertiliser applied to the crop impacted grain yield.

• There is still a lot of work to be done but it appears crops can be sown successfully into perennial pastures in some situations.
• Agronomic results from the Moora focus site appear to support the view that Marginal or problem soils are a potential fit for pasture cropping systems. However, it is important to note that the extra green feed produced over summer-autumn needs to be converted into wool or meat in order to offset any grain yield losses.
• Further research is required across different sites and seasons as the yield penalty on better soil classes may well be greater than on deep pale sands which have limited capacity to store moisture from summer rainfall for crop production. The viability of pasture cropping systems based on other sub tropical grass species, native grasses. lucerne and bluebush are also worth evaluating.

• The presence of oats reduced barley yields from no significant reduction up to 31.27%.
• Varieties FathomA and CommanderA were the most effective varieties at suppressing oat development.
• BassA and BulokeA demonstrated no significant yield reduction in the presence of oats.

Key findings:

• Increasing levels of inoculum (oospores/ plant) of Phytophthora medicaginis (P. med) was strongly correlated with the decreasing yield of Yorker, a moderately resistant chickpea variety.
• An inoculum level of 660 oospores/plant (PreDicta B >5000 P. med copies/g soil) at sowing significantly reduced yield compared with lower inoculum levels under both dryland and irrigated conditions.
• These findings provide further evidence that the PreDicta B P. med test will be a useful tool for growers to determine their risk of Phytophthora root rot before sowing chickpeas.
• Note: the SARDI PreDicta B test for Phytophthora medicaginis is under development and is not yet available commercially.

Summary

P.med inoculum level, PRR disease and yield

Can the P.med DNA soil test predict the risk of Phytophthora root rot?  Based on the results of this trial with Yorker (MR) and the 2014 Tamworth trial with Sonali (S), the answer is YES.  For Yorker significant yield loss can be expected with starting (pre-sow sampling) inoculum levels above ca 3000 P.med DNA sequences/g soil (ca 130 oospores/plant). However, these values may need to be interpreted with some caution as seasonal conditions will modify outcomes, for instance in a dry season less disease may develop from the same amount of inoculum.

As Phytophthora can reproduce rapidly and cause new infections over a relatively short period there was concern that under PRR conducive conditions (a wet season), that low initial levels of inoculum could catch up to high initial levels as cause similar disease severity and yield loss.  The 2015 season was wet but not very wet, under these conditions there was separation in the disease and yields of the low and high inoculum treatments.

P.med DNA detection in commercial in paddocks and disease risk determination

These second season of detection capability results for the soil P.med DNA test were again generally promising, with most samples with positive and negative P.med DNA results corresponding to expected P.med isolation results.  However, results for some samples indicate that further work is required to a) identify what factors may contribute to false negative results and b) determine if false positives are due to the presence of dead or inactive P.med DNA

The DNA result for a soil sample from a paddock can only provide an indication of inoculum concentration and disease risk for the areas of the paddock which were sampled.  Therefore, the spread and locations of sampling across a paddock will affect how representative DNA results are for a paddock.  Because of the risk of rapid PRR disease buildup following wet conditions it may be appropriate to treat a negative Predicta B® test result as indicating a low risk rather than a nil risk, as the pathogen could still be in areas of the paddock that were not sampled and so still cause PRR and reduce yield. 

Work in 2016 will evaluate maximising the probability of detecting P. med by targeting those areas of the paddock where P.med is more likely to occur.  The pathogen thrives in high soil moisture contents and so often occurs in low lying regions of paddocks where pooling following rain may occur.  The pathogen also carries over from season to season on infected chickpea volunteers, lucerne and, native medics.  Including low lying areas and weedy areas of paddocks during PreDicta B® soil sampling may provide the best strategy to detecting P. med and so identifying a paddocks disease risk of PRR in chickpea.

• Grain yield was highest (5.8 t/ha) from Revenue and loest from Bass. Dry matter produciton was greatest from the barley lines as with the later sowing there was isufficient time for the other cereals to catch up.
• New barley germplasm from France is later flowering and has considerable potential for early sowing in the most frost prone areas of Tasmania. Both lines appear to possess some water logging tolerance.

• Grain yield was highest for Revenue and Endeavour (5.4 and 5.1 t/ha respectively) and lowest from Barley Z and Henley. Dry matter production was lowest from Revenue as with the water-logged conditions no third cut was taken.
• Winter barley germplasm is late flowering and may have considerable potential for early sowing in the more frost prone areas of Tasmania.
• There appears to be a strong interaction between grazing/cutting and water-logging with the additional stress of water-logging leading to poorer recovery after cutting.

• Bolta Balansa (3.2 t/ha DM), Lightening Persian (3.30 t/ha DM) and Elite II Berseem (2.94 t/ha DM) produced the highest amounts of DM at Dunkeld. 
• The site was somewhat a rundown pasture site, which go very wet in winter, and this did not favour Arrowleaf type cloers.
• Elite II provided good initial dry matter early - but then only provided extra dry matter with late rains. Persian clover only provided extra dry matter with late rain also.
• The Balansa clovers had superior growth in these conditions, with Bolta being the longer season type, providing more dry matter.

Establishment was adequte for all cultivars in 1997, but herbage dry matter yields were generally about half that produced in 1996.

Application of DAP fertiliser at time of sowing improves yield in barley. Application of additional nitrogen lifts yields further, and improves protein levels in the grain. Results suggest efficiencies in nitrogen application can be achieved with placement in the root zone compared to surface application. Further work needs to be undertaken to better understand the process. 

Provided disease pressure does not become an issue, dual purpose wheats are an attractive option particularly where an initial irrigation is possible.

Grain yield after two dry matter cuts tended to be lower than for one cut for nearly all lines with an average of nearly 0.6t/ha difference.

Winter and spring wheat, barley, triticale and oat lines were evaluated for fodder dry matter production and grain yield. The two barley varieties and a spring wheat produced the highest dry matter (DM) in the first cut. However their recovery was poor and DM production from the second cut was significantly lower than for all other material.

The results of Trial 1 (forage and grain) have shown that Yerong Barley, 5092 Barley and Monstress Triticale produced the most dry matter (DM/Ha) up to GS30 for grazing. Amarok and Wedgetail produced the most dry matter of the wheat varieties. For Hay production (GS85), Wedgetail produced the most dry matter followed by Rudd and the HRZ03.1010.3 wheat variety. In total (Grazing and Hay), Wedgetail outperformed all varieties producing the most dry matter.

• Two trials were conducted to compare dry matter production and subsequent grain yield from cereal crops. In one trial four cereal crop species wheat (Mackellar), barley (Urambie), triticale (Breakwell), and oats (Bass) were compared. With a longer vegetative period, a second DM cut was able to be taken from Bass oats and consequently total DM production was significantly higher than from Mackellar which in turn produced significantly more DM than Breakwell and Urambie. Grain yield was significantly higher from Breakwell (9.4 t/ha).
• In a second trial, 7 wheat varieties and breeding lines were compared. There were statistically no differences in DM production between the wheats. The CSIRO line 95102.1 and Alberic were the highest grain producers.

Across both trials Capstan barley appears to have performed the best on average in a dry & challenging season.

• Barley was the clear winner in terms of grain production for this year's trial whilst the wheat varieties performed best in terms of the hay and grazing potential.
• Hay production was probably the best economic outcome in 2009 for most of the varieties covered in this trial. This reflected prevailing market prices at the time of harvest.
• For more take home messages please see the attached trial report.

Mackellar wheat showed the most potential as a dual purpose crop with the highest grain yield and DM production comparable to all other varieties except Bass. The latter produced the most fodder but the lowest grain yield. There was no significant difference in DM
production between Mackellar, Breakwell, Urambie and Franklin however there was a large difference in when this was produced. Franklin barley (and a Chinese line) were far more vigorous early whereas the later developing varieties, in particular Bass, tended to produce less DM but extra cuts ensured a higher total DM.

Provided disease pressure does not become an issue, dual purpose wheats are an attractive option particularly where an initial irrigation is possible.

• The European cultivars producted grain yields up to 4.78 t/ha.
• Grain yields from two of the European cultivars were significantly greater than Jardee TT but not significantly greater than Hyola 50 and 46Y83.
• The later maturity of the winter types may provide different management options to growers including grazing and time of sowing.
• Further testing of the European cultivars will need to be conducted over more locations and seasons and under different manangement to determine their potential for the HRZ.

Like many comments for 2008, the later break and well-below average rainfall in spring, saw disappointing  ield responses. In a better season, a winter cut followed by multiple measurements in the spring, would show some more promising yields (This would also assist in reducing variance within the trial, currently at 22%). Hardier plants such as oats and ryegrass were able to produce large amounts on lower amounts of rainfall, whilst shorter season annuals legumes such as vetch and arrowleaf clover had struggled to produce bulk, before flowering and before early December rains.

• A range of forage varieties were grown as rotational options at SFS mininera and Dunkeld sites.
• At Mininera, a relatively well drained and high fertility site, Graza 80 Forage Oats (10.06 t/ha DM), Graza 51 Forage Oats (8.9 t/ha DM) and Grassmax Annual Diploid Rypgrass (8.4 t/ha DM) produced the highest forage yields.
• At Dunkeld, a wetter site and lower fertility and cropping history, Leafmore Forage Rape (6.6 t/ha DM), Rasina Vetch (6.1 t/ha DM), Graza 51 Oats (6.3 t/ha DM) and Mitika (6.4 t/ha DM) were the highest forage yield.s
• For further take home messages please see the attached trial report.

• A range of cereal, grass, vetch, brassica and clover varieties were selected for their suitability in medium-high rainfall zones ina forage break in cropping rotations.
• In 2009 and 2010, specialist forage oats (Graza 51 and Graza 80) and annual ryegrass (Grassmax and Drummer) grew the largest amounts of dry matter.
• In 2009 Morava vetch grew the highest amount of dry matter for legumes, whilst in 2010 it was Zulu II arrowleaf clover.
• In 2010, the site was extremely wet, and some varieties performed better than others. If 2011 also proves to be wet, growers need to carefully select their varieties.

With increasing pressure on rotations, there are a number of forage options that can be considered;

• On higher fertility sites, with better N levels-  Annual ryegrass such as Drummer and Grassmax as well as forage cereals such as Graza 80 and 51 are an option
• Brassicas (Leafmore) should be avoided on canola stubble
• On lower N sites, Blaza Crimson Clover,  Laser Persian Clover, Zulu Arrowleaf clover and Bolta Balansa grow reasonable hay and fix Nitrogen
• Further work needs to be conducted to evaluate competition value (esp with Wimmera RG) and yield benefits to following crops.   

• A range of forage varieties were grown as rotational options at the MFMG site at Frances.
• Drummer Annual tetraploid ryegrass (6.482t/ha DM) grew the largest amount of dry matter, followed by Graza 80 (5.491t/ha DM) and Grassmax (5.099t/ha)
• The annual clovers grew signifcantly less dry matter, with Laser Persian Clover growing (3.025t/ha DM), Zulu Arrowleaf (3.008t/ha DM) and Bolta Balansa (2.977t/ha)
• The cereal/grass based options grew more DM and offered more competition, but legume & broadleaf crops offered different herbicide options, disease breaks and in case of legumes, nitrogen fixation.
• More work required to show possible yields, both as monocultures and as mixes for rotational options

Due to unforseen circumstances, results for 2011 aren’t available for the Seedmark pasture evaluation sites. Seedmark do however look forward to continuing their work with MFMG in 2012 to explore the most appropriate Forage/Pasture rotation options.

The Field Days did however see the release of the new pasture variety “Monti” bred and developed by SARDI’s pastures group and released by the Australian Pasture Alliance (APA), an alliance between SARDI and Seedmark. Struan based SARDI researchers Andy
Craig and Freya Hawker lead the development of Monti with an extensive evaluation program run across a number of research site for the last 4 years. Below are some photos from the event.

• A range of forage varieties were grown as rotational options atthe MFMG site at Frances and Conmurra. 
• At Conmurra and Frances,the highest DM producing forages were annual ryegrass; R2 tetrapkhid annual ryegrass (12.28 t/ha DM) at Conmurra and Grassmaar Diploid annual ryegrass  (7.53 t/ha DM), primarilty due to their ability for a winter cut. 
• The best annual clovers at both Conmurra and Frances include Zulu II Arrowleaf (6.46t/ha and 3.93t/ha) and Bolta Balansa (6.27t/ha and 4.11t/ha).
• The cereal/grass based options generally grew more DM and offered more competition but legume and broadleaf crops offered different herbicide options, disease breaks and in the case of legumes, nitrogen fixation. 
• The legume and brassica varieties produce forage of a higher quality than that of cerels and grasses, which provides greater benefit to grazing animals.
• More work required to show possible yields both as monocultures and as mixes for rotational options. 

• Zinc was applied at four rates as either zinc sulphate (35% Zn), zinc oxide (83% Zn), zinc oxysulphate (18% Zn) or as granulock STZ (20.4% P, 2.5% Zn).
• Dry matter yield, tissue Zn concentration and plant Zn uptake were measured. Co-granulated zinc oxide and MAP (ST-Z) produced the dry matter response similar to zinc sulphate, with zinc oxysulphate and zinc oxide producing similar but lower yields.
• It is proposed that the difference in effectiveness between STZ (zinc oxide based) and zinc oxide is as a result of a synergistic effect between the close proximity of the P and Zn in each particle rather than any change in chemical composition during manufacture.
• The mechanism for enhanced Zn uptake with STZ may be a result of root proliferation around P concentrations aiding Zn uptake.

• Cereal and pea mixtures increase the crude protein and measurable energy content without reducing yield.
• Growing cereals with peas appears to help to reduce lodging in the peas.

The performance of the canola varieties evaluated in this study indicates that this crop is a viable option for inclusion as a non-cereal break crop in the nothern Wimmera and southern Mallee rotations. 

• Pie-sowing treatments of trifluralin herbicide are effective in increasing yields in a barley crop infested with Vulpia. Application rates of 3.0 1/ha produced a significant result, while application rate of 1.5 1/ha produced a strong trend.
• No significant differences could be demonstrated between Post-sowing treatments employed in this trial due to large variations between plots. However averaged results indicate trends that can be further explored with more trial work. 
• For further conclusions please see the attached trial report.
   

(i) The most significant outcome from these trials was the very strong effect of increasing grain protein. In nearly all cases, the higher rate of 50kgN/ha had a more significant effect, as did delaying the timing until GS55. (ii) There were no differences between product type and rate had a small effect. (iii) The higher rate of 50kgN/ha had a higher yield than 25kgN/ha. (iv) For the majority of sites, the key timing that influenced yield was GS39. This timing is slightly later than previously thought suitable for applying N for yield, with GS32 being the recognised standard. The data needs to be interpreted with the 2013 season in mind because a tighter finish in spring could mean plant uptake of late applied N would be limited.

Results from these trials indicate that lentils can be grown successfully on the lighter soils of the Birchip area. However, 1995 was a favourable year for lentil produciton and results should be noted with some caution.

1996 was characterised by a wet winter, frosts in spring and a dry finish.

• Mungbean yield potential ranged from a low of 0.81 t/ha up to a high of 2.70 t/ha in three years of irrigated variety evaluation experiments at Trangie in the Macquarie Valley.
• Jade_AUA (released 2013) is the recommended variety for Macquarie Valley mungbean growers with the highest yield potential, largest seed size (an important quality attribute for marketing) and best disease tolerance package. CrystalA would be an adequate second-best option based on yield and potential seed size.
• Niche mungbean varieties such as Regur (black gram type), and the two small-seeded lines Celera IIA and Green DiamondA, would have to command a substantial premium for their respective seed quality attributes to compensate for the poorer yield potential demonstrated in these experiments.

• Soybean yield potential ranged from a low of 1.01 t/ha up to a high of 2.94 t/ha in two years of harvested irrigated variety evaluation experiments at Trangie in the Macquarie Valley.
• Delayed sowing of a soybean crop in the Macquarie Valley can increase the likelihood of delayed maturity, potentially running into prolonged periods of wet autumn weather at harvest time; the 2015–16 experiment was not able to be harvested for this reason.
• MoonbiA (released 2010) is the recommended variety for Macquarie Valley soybean growers under fully irrigated conditions. It has high yield potential, maturity adaptation, excellent grain quality to meet human consumption markets, and resistance to powdery mildew.
• Djakal (southern NSW variety) is recommended for partial irrigation or dryland situations. Its earlier maturity and lodging resistance due to shorter height and reduced biomass enables it to achieve high yields and human consumption quality under less favourable growing conditions.

Fifteen months after establishment the study has shown:

• Lucerne to be well adapted to good Eyre Peninsula cropping soils.
• Cullen and Tedera to be more persistent and productive than lucerne on shallow calcareous and highly acidic soils respectively.
• Sulla to be highly productive on good lower EP cropping soils in the growing season following  establishment.

• The evaluation of alternative perennial legume forages has commenced at 4 sites on EP in 2010.
• The production and persistence of Tedera, Cullen and Sulla are being compared to Lucerne.

Application of metconazole to canola resulted in a reduction in plant height but in this trial there was no effect on grain yield. Tebuconazole had no effect on plant height or final yield. In seasons where excess vegetative growth is a problem increases in grain yield following treatment could be expected through improved harvest efficiency (less lodging and/or redirection of plant assimilates to the grain).

There was a reduction in plant height with all three treatments and this was generally rate responsive. As in a previous trial conducted in 2003-04 there was little effect on grain yield.

• Brome grass is increasing in prevalence across southern Australia and control in cereals is heavily reliant on Group B herbicides (sulfonylurea and imidazolinones).
• Experimental herbicides evaluated in this study were effective on brome (>90% control), but were also unsuitable for barley causing severe crop damage; trials undertaken this season (2017) will focus on wheat.
• Identifying effective but safe herbicide options for brome in cereals remains a high priority.

• All crops emerged and established well in the early stages.
• Lentils and fieldpeas were very quick and uniform.
• Lupin emergence was staggered but were eventually very even.
• Narrow leafed lupins were severely damaged in all replicates by hares, which removed the central spike of every flowering plant.