• In 1997 it was not safe to use the knockdown Gramozone at the half leaf stage on wheat or barley (this has been a relatively safe practice in previous years).
• The crop did not recover from the spray due to the dry conditions.

• Group 1 (A) selective herbicide in 2019 gave good barley grass control, with an early application (2-4 leaf) better than a late application (Z31). Group 2 (B) herbicide in 2021 pasture gave similar results but control was not as effective.
• Paraquat spray topping in 2019 did not reduce seed set.
• Slashing in 2021 gave excellent seed set control.
• Effective Group A weed control in 2019 combined with Sakura® + Treflan® in 2020 successfully reduced this very dense barley grass population by 98% compared to a rotation of grazing (no herbicide) in 2019 and Treflan® alone in 2020, but barley grass was still dense in 2021.
• The seedbank lasts 3-4 years, particularly in dry years where not all seed has the opportunity to emerge.

In 2019, herbicides ensured that barley grass density was low throughout the trial.

In spite of good crontrol in 2019, there was high barley grass density in 2020, potentailly from the 2019 seed production and dormant seed bank.

The 2020 use of Intercept® herbicide reduced barley grass across the whole trial, with higher crop yield following Intercept® at 500 mL/ha compared to 375mL/ha.

In 2019, herbicides ensured that barley grass density was low throughout the trial.

In spite of good crontrol in 2019, there was high barley grass density in 2020, potentailly from the 2019 seed production and dormant seed bank.

The 2020 use of Intercept® herbicide reduced barley grass across the whole trial, with higher crop yield following Intercept® at 500 mL/ha compared to 375mL/ha.

In 2019, herbicides ensured that barley grass density was low throughout the trial.

In spite of good crontrol in 2019, there was high barley grass density in 2020, potentailly from the 2019 seed production and dormant seed bank.

The 2020 use of Intercept® herbicide reduced barley grass across the whole trial, with higher crop yield following Intercept® at 500 mL/ha compared to 375mL/ha.

In 2019, herbicides ensured that barley grass density was low throughout the trial.

In spite of good crontrol in 2019, there was high barley grass density in 2020, potentailly from the 2019 seed production and dormant seed bank.

The 2020 use of Intercept® herbicide reduced barley grass across the whole trial, with higher crop yield following Intercept® at 500 mL/ha compared to 375mL/ha.

• Barley grass can have late, staggered cohorts, and so full control requires pre- and post-emergent control.
• Clearfield® crops or pasture ‘break crops’ allow excellent in-crop control and reduction of barley grass seed production.
• Resistance remains very low at this site. A diverse crop rotation allows a rotation of herbicide groups to avoid resistance development.

There were no differences in grass weed numbers in paddock N7/8 between cereal crop treatments imposed of Sakura, East West and North South sowing, cross sowing and ‘15 cm nudge’.

• Weed seeds were found in narrow windrows and chaff dumps, ryegrass was more prevalent than barley grass which is more prone to shedding seed early.
• Burning reduced the viable ryegrass and self-sown cereal seed density by 85%, reducing the overall weed seed bank, but results for barley grass were lower at 38%.
• Conditions (i.e. temperature and humidity) and timing of burn were shown to strongly influence the effectivenessof this cultural management tactic.
• Burning windrows resulted in fewer weed seeds returning to the weed seed bank.
• There is a cost associated with windrow harvesting due to lower harvesting height requiring reducing the harvest speed with larger throughput of straw.
• A better understanding of burning and the weather conditions needed to sterilise barley grass seed is needed.

• The 2016 trial results looking at cultural control techniques on barley grass largely confirmed the 2015 findings.
• Increasing the seeding rate of barley in the presence of barley grass can provide substantial benefits to both yield and reduced weed seed carry-over. This applies particularly to competitive varieties such as Fathom, but also to less competitive varieties such as Hindmarsh.
• In contrast, doubling the seeding rate of wheat had no beneficial effect on yield or weed carry-over.
• Doubling the district practice seeding rate in barley substantially reduced the competitive effect of barley grass to the stage where crop yields were similar to those check plots where herbicide was appliedD.
• uring the trials, barley has consistently outperformed wheat in its ability to compete with barley grass, particularly when sown at high seeding rates.

For a full list of take home messages please see the attached trial report.

• The Ethrel @ 500ml and 750 ml @ flag leaf emergence produced the shortest crops, and therefore in broad acre situations this product may be the most effective at reducing crop height and preventing lodging. 
• For further conclusions plese see the attached trial repor.t

• Growth regulators had no effect on reducing crop lodging, since crop lodging was not evident due to seasonal conditions and low soil nitrogen levels.
• Some growth regulators had an effect on reducing plant height.
• Growth regulators had no effect on barley yield or grain quality.

The control, and both Cycocel ®treatments produced very similar results, and there appears to be no major difference between any of these treatments. The Terpal ® treatment had a slightly lower yield, lower retention and much higher screenings than the control and Cycocel ® treatments, however this may be due to disease hotspots in these treatments. I believe the use of growth regulators in barley still requires more work to confirm product selection, rates and timings for Australian conditions.

• Sub-tropical perennial grasses have persisted and produced good quantities of biomass over several years in the Mallee.
• Due to low early winter rainfall and reliance on stored summer moisture, cropping into a summer-growing pasture base led to high yield penalties in 2011. 
• Further research and development is needed to fine-tune management of the pasture cropping system before it can be deployed in the Mallee.

• In the wet winter of 2016, a single irrigation of a barley crop increased grain yield and grain quality but resulted in reduced water productivity.
• The 50 kg/ha seeding rate improved grain quality and reduced lodging compared with the 80 kg/ha seeding rate with no negative impact on grain yield.
• The waterlogged treatment (ponded for 48 hours) used an additional 0.41 ML/ha or 55% more water in one irrigation than the treatment that was ponded for only five hours.

• Disease levels were low to moderate with significant suppression from all fungicides 
• Timing 1 applications were made ~2-3 weeks prior to ‘more rapid’ disease build-up 
• Tilt Xtra 250 mL x 2 applications and Amistar Xtra 400 mL provided the most effective leaf rust control  
• Triazole Teb and Triazole Pro (both at the high label rate) provided significantly lower levels of leaf rust suppression than all fungicides other than Tilt Xtra 250 mL
• There was no significant impact from any fungicide treatment on yield 
• There was no significant impact from any fungicide treatment on grain quality

• SFNB levels were very low with significant suppression from all fungicides 
• Amistar Xtra 200 mL and Prosaro 300 mL provided the most effective suppression of SFNB with lowest levels of activity from the unregistered Triazole Teb at the high label rate
• There was no significant impact from any fungicide treatment on yield 
• There was no significant impact from any fungicide treatment on grain quality

• In 2022, a cooler and wetter than average year, higher intensity of management (through increased nitrogen supply and fungicide use) significantly increased yields.
• RGT Planet was the highest yielding variety at both sites, yielding 5.85 t/ha at Nullawil (BCG) and 6.16 t/ha at Hart (HART).
• Higher average yields were achieved by all cultivars at a later May sowing at the Nullawil site whereas Cyclops and Leabrook averaged higher yields at an earlier time of sowing when grown at the Hart site. This highlights the importance of matching variety and sow date to the critical period to achieve actual yields closer to potential yield.
• Neither site saw a yield response to the application of plant growth regulators (PGRs), however Hart did see a yield increase to simulated grazing.

Hart: 

• Barley grain yield averaged 4.61 t/ha with yields ranging from 3.82 to 5.42 t/ha resulting from variety choice and different management strategies. • High fungicide inputs were required to maximise grain yield for RGT Planet, Cyclops and Leabrook across two consecutive years. High fungicide input was most profitable in varieties with leaf rust susceptibility and with high infection levels during grain fill. In the absence of leaf rust, high fungicide inputs were not economical in this trial. • There were no yield gains resulting from increasing nitrogen (N) application from low to high (60 – 140 kg N/ha). RGT Planet grain yields decreased in response to increasing nitrogen supply. High N supply also increased grain protein for all varieties, preventing them from meeting malt receival specifications. • The application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) reduced crop lodging at the early time of sowing, however no yield increases were observed. • The use of simulated grazing at growth stage (GS) GS30 resulted in a significant yield reduction for RGT Planet and Leabrook of 220 kg/ha and 180 kg/ha, respectively. No yield reduction was observed for Cyclops.

Kinnabulla:

• With high starting soil fertility (240kg N 0-100cm), high nitrogen rates are not required to maximise grain yield. • With a grain yield of 5.93t/ha, Cyclops outyielded both RGT Planet and Leabrook which yielded 4.34t/ha and 5.10t/ha respectively. • When sowing disease susceptible varieties early, increased fungicide applications are required to maximise grain yield. • The first fungicide application (start of stem elongation) was the most crucial fungicide timing in terms of protecting the crop and maximising final yield.

• Barley requires the same amount of nitrogen input as wheat to yield near its potential.
• 80-92 kg/ha Nitrogen (N) is required to maximise yield.
• Barley responds strongly to extra N when fungicide is used to control disease.
• A preliminary program for growing barley is ready for farmers. Anyone interested should contact John Sykes.

• Barley responded to inputs of nitrogen, buy responded to variably to fungicide.
• 20- 40 kg N was reqired to maximise yield.
• Where there was an N response, fungicide also gave an additional response.

• Barley responded to inputs of nitrogen (N), and fungicide in 2006 and 2007.
• 20- 40 kg N was reqired to maximise yield.
• Fungicide response was independent of N application.

• Barely responded to inputs of nitrogen and fungicide during 2008.
• 50 kg of seed was the optimum sowing rate.
• 40 kg/ha of nitrogen was required to maximise yield.
• Fungicide response was independent of nitrogen application.

• There was significant rain in early April.
• The paddock was cultivated wet at the time of seeding.
• Seeding was delayed due to seed supply problem.
• There were some dry periods but adequte rainfall overall. Some frosts occurred in July/August.
• Main weed problem was radish.

• There was no yield benefit to late irrigation past the soft dough stage
• Reducing the irrigation rate from 90% of pan evaporation to 68% oof pan evaporation did not significantly reduce yield. 

• When the maximum rate of nitrogen (N) was applied, La Trobe achieved malt grade and the greatest profitability.
• Fathom was the most N efficient variety, converting the most supplied nitrogen to grain, whereas Compass and Commander were the least responsive.
• The highest rate of N (120kg N/ha) was the most profitable for all varieties in a Decile 10 growing season

For a full list of take home messages please see the attached trial report.

For a full ist of take home messages please see the attached trial report.

• Row spacing was found to be a signifcant factor in crop yield and development.
• The nitrogen timing had a signifiant effect on the quality of parameters of grain, however did not affect the yield outcome of the trial. 
• There were significant differences observed between five barley varieties used in this trial. 

• LaTrobe, GrangeR, and Skipper had reduced emergence from deeper sowing under both dry and wet sowing conditions. 
• Varieties differed in their sensitivity to sowing time; variety choice and sowing time influenced grain yield and quality more than sowing depth.
• LaTrobe and Fathom were the highest yielding varieties across both sowing dates.
• Commander and Skipper were the only varieties to suffer a yield penalty from early dry sowing.
• GrangeR yielded similar to Commander at earlier sowing but less when delayed.
• Screenings were greater than 7% and retention less than 70% in LaTrobe across both sowing times, and in Commander and GrangeR at earlier sowing only.
• Skipper was the only variety to achieve malt specifications across both sowing times.

• Mundah a short season feed barley from WA outperformed Galleon when sown in July by almost doubling its yield.
• There was no benefit of using high rates of P when sowing late.

Capeweed score 2 (Mid season).

Pre-sowing: cultivated in April by farmer.

Pre-harvest: dry and hot days caused tipping.

• Flagship and Buloke are new malting variety alternatives to Schooner and the Sloop varieties and segregation options for these varieties will increase during 2008. Flagship has the advantage of CCN resistance and more developed markets, whilst Buloke has the advantage of higher yields.
• Hindmarsh, Fleet and Keel are the highest yielding feed varieties. Choice between these varieties will be based on the relative importance of test weight (Hindmarsh superior), resistance to the spot form of net blotch (Keel and Fleet superior), resistance to leaf rust (Hindmarsh and Fleet superior), and tolerance to deep sands (Fleet and Hindmarsh superior).

• Barley trials have been conducted at many of the CWFS regional sites over the last three years.
• Barley is a valuable rotation crop as it is not susceptible to many wheat foliar diseases (yellow spot, stripe rust, septoria), suffers less yield loss from root diseases, and competes well with weeds.
• Schooner and Gairdner are the preferred malting varieties in central NSW. Schooner generally achieves better quality in the lower rainfall parts of the cropping belt

• Fathom, Spartacus CL and Rosalind have performed consistently well at most sites in 2016.
• Compass performed poorly when sown early, with substantial lodging and head loss. When sown later, it was one of the top performers with little to no lodging observed.
• Fathom, Hindmarsh, La Trobe, Spartacus CL, Rosalind and Compass are consistently the top yielding varieties over a range of different seasonal finishes in the Mallee and Wimmera.

At the Berriwillock site none of the barley varieties sown achieved malting quality. The yields were exceptionally good (in excess of 3.5t/ha) but retention levels were low (less than 70%) and screenings high (more than 7%).

Compass was the only variety to achieve Malt 1 (assuming Malt accreditation), at both BCG sites, in the dry finish.

Compass, Hindmarsh, Fathom and La Trobe are varieties best suited to the Mallee and Wimmera. Compass and La Trobe, if granted Malt accreditation, are the obvious choices for the added premium.

Currently, Malt accredited varieties are well behind feed varieties or those pending accreditation, in terms of yield. For those varieties to be more profitable, there would need to be in excess of $130/t premium for Malt over Feed: growers should aim for yield.

Leaf rust, net blotch and barley scald were evident in the trial. The average yield response as a result of spraying with a fungicide was 900 kg/ha. Controlling leaf disease with the use of a fungicide significantly increased grain retention, reduced screenings and increased test weights. There was no significant effect on grain protein.

There are 2 commercially available varieties, namely Fleet and Capstan that performed very well in the trial. The effect of a foliar fungicide to control leaf disease (scald and spot form of net blotch) gave on average an additional 340 kg/ha yield which was cost effective on most varieties, even in a very low disease pressure situation.

All varieties with a malting classification were received as malting.

• When considering barley varieties, the candidates need to be accessed against the current district benchmark varieties.

Gairdner still remains a good performing variety, although both W 13586 and Baudin yielded well. The variety Sloop (Vic) had the highest grain test weight, however yield was down compared to Gairdner. There was no significant disease pressure in the trial, so varietal response to disease could not be assessed. Please consult your agronomist and seed supplier for further information about the barley varieties.

• Data can be used to identify herbicide by variety combinations which minimise yield loss and best suit individual farming practices, primarily to obtain weed and herbicide resistance control.
• Information on varieties which have been tested in one year, only should be treated with caution pending further trials.

Two on-farm variety demonstrations were used to compare new malting barley varieties to the standard Wimmera variety Gairdner. The two new varieties for 2006 are: Buloke and Flagship. In a season with late spring rain, neither of these two new varieties were higher yielding or produced better grain quality than Gairdner at the two on-farm variety demonstrations in the Wimmera.

• La Trobe was the highest yielding malt variety in 2015.
• Compass has consistently produced high yields in the Mallee and Wimmera. 
• New varieties Rosalind and IGB1334T were high yielding in their first year of trials.
• Short (early) season varieties performed better than long season varieties in 2015.

• Rosalind yielded the highest or equal highest at all three sites, while Bass was consistently a good earner
• Rosalind, Fairview and Bass yielded above the site mean at all 3 sites
• Hot weather in October at Streatham limited yield and quality

• Grazing had no grain yield impact for all barley varieties in the trial with Hindmarsh yielding the highest (1.54t/ha).
• There was no significant difference for dry matter produced between varieties.
• The presence of annual ryegrass decreased the grain yield of Hindmarsh and Urambie by 20% and 42% respectively, but had no impact on Flagship and Maritime grain yields.

• There was no gross margin difference between 225mm (9inch) and 355mm (14inch) row spacings, as it had no impact on grain yield or grain quality.
• Hindmarsh produced the highest grain yields, but Maritime showed the best grain quality.

• Annual ryegrass did not affect crop establishment but did reduce grain yield.
• Seed rate did not influence grain yield or levels of annual ryegrass populations.
• Annual ryegrass populations were found to be significantly lower in Flagship and Maritime plots.

• Hindmarsh is a new short season feed variety with excellent disease resistance to powdery mildew, scald and cereal cyst nematode.
• It is currently undergoing international brewing evaluation trials.
• Both Hindmarsh and Buloke are good consistent performers, their superior disease resistance and high yields will become more important in the future as input costs continue to rise.

Both Baudin and Gairdner continue to be lines worthy of growing, however a strict fungicide management programme is required for both varieties in order to achieve good yield result. 

Some Tasmanian lines showed much better yield potential than the main control, Gairdner. T1677 and T1623 have shown consistently higher yields in the last few years. The malting quality of these two lines is also better than Gairdner with generally higher extract and similar DP. The variety T1677 will soon be released as an autumn sown variety in Tasmania.

For a full list of take home messages please see the attached trial report.

• The average yield for the barley variety trial at Dunkeld was 6.53 t/ha. 
• The highest yield was achieved by Westminster (7.52 t/ha) followed by cv. 4262 (7.40 t/ha) and Fleet (7.20 t/ha).
• Gairdner and Baudin were the lowest yielding varieties achieving 5.16 and 5.23 t/ha.
• Providional malt varieties Westminster, 4262 and Oxford topped the gross margin results with high yields, good retention and low screenings.
• Leaf scald pressure was high with all varieties showing some susceptibility when no fungicide was used.

• The average yield for the barley variety trial at Bairnsdale was 3.81 t/ha. This was higher than the predited 3.2 t/ha based upon the growing seasons rainfall.
• The highest yielding variety was Capstan with 4.45 t/ha, maling varieties Oxford (provisional malt) and Gairdner also yielded well.
• Protein and test weight were the key reason for grain to be downgraded. No variety recorded a test weight above 60 kg/hl, thus all were graded as feed.

• The variety with the highest yield was Westminster at 6.85 t/ha.
• The site mean was 5.39 t/ha.

• Both scald and Leaf Rust had a major effect at Conmurra.
• Varieties like Capstan and Oxford lodged less than the other varieties, resulting in a tendency to yield better.

• Both scald and Leaf Rust had a major effect at Conmurra.
• Varieties like Capstan and Oxford lodged less than the other varieties, resulting in a tendency to yield better.

• Both scald and Leaf Rust had a major effect at Conmurra.
• Varieties like Capstan and Oxford lodged less than the other varieties, resulting in a tendency to yield better.

Good performance from Oxford and a few of the newer varities not that commonly grown. Spartacus CL is a definite improvement over Scope CL.

The wet winter and subsequent waterlogged conditions through June and July resulted in reduced tillering, particularly in the earlier maturing varities, and overall yield performance was reduced.

• Westminster and Oxford were the highest yielding varieties.
• Hindmarsh was the lowest yielding variety.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for details and results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

• Several new varieties have been released for the 2012 season that look promising; they are only feed quality at this stage, but undergoing malt evaluation.  NVT Trials weren’t sprayed for leaf rust in 2011.
• This will change in 2012 to reflect farmer practice.
• Unsprayed v Sprayed varietal data is available for both Frances and Conmurra and it gives a good indication of effects of disease on yield across different varieties. 

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.

Please see attached trial report for results.